EFFECT OF MARINE POLLUTION TO THE SHIPPING OPERATION
ABSTRACT
The effects of marine pollution are enormous, ranging from impairment of surface water quality, disruption of aquatic growth, and reduction of amenities, affecting the health of man, etc. The main problem that leads to the pollution of aquatic environment is the attitude of not adhering to laid down standards for the protection of marine environment. Based on this, investigations have been made on Warri port waterway in finding solution to these problems. Questionnaires were formulated, and research responses gotten were inputted in tables. After analysis, 84.7% of the responses showed that pollution of the marine environment and aquatic lives affects the economy of such community being polluted and the health of people are affected negatively. It means that the solution to the pollution of the aquatic environment is for the enforcement of the necessary laws by Government, such as the Warri port regulations, to ensure that full compliance by operators within the industry in order to conserve and protect aquatic resources, provide safe seafood for human consumption and protect means of livelihood. Re-educating the citizen, ship owners, crew of a ship, oil exploring companies, and other corporate bodies, to be concerned and responsible for the respect and protection of the marine environment would also bring about control to the rate at which the marine environment is polluted especially from the vessels. This will go a long way in protecting the Warri port waterway.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
Marine pollution is classed as point source or non-point source. Point source pollution occurs when there is a single, identifiable, and localized source of the pollution. That is, "point source" means any discernible, confined and discrete conveyance, including but not limited to any pipe, ditch, channel, tunnel, conduit, well, discrete fissure, container, rolling stock, concentrated animal feeding operation, or vessel or other floating craft, from which pollutants are or may be discharged. An example is directly discharging sewage (i.e. water carried waste, in solution or suspension, which is intended to be removed from a community, also known as wastewater) and industrial waste into the ocean (Mitchell, 2007).
The internationally recognized definition for the marine environment was developed by Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP), currently known as Aspects Of Marine Environ-mental Protection, which states: ‘Introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy into the marine environment (including estuaries) resulting in such deleterious effects as harm to living resources, hazard to human health, hindrance to marine activities, including fishing, impairment of quality for use of sea-water, and reduction of amenities’.
Non point source pollution occurs when the pollution comes from ill-defined and diffuse sources. It arises from a broad group of human activities for which the pollutants have no obvious point of entry into receiving watercourses. Obviously, non-point source pollution is much more difficult to measure, identify and control than point sources. These include agricultural storm water discharges and return flows from irrigated agriculture, urban runoff (from roofs, streets, parking lots, etc), transportation (roads, railways, pipelines, hydro-electric corridors) etc.
Industries and businesses may discharge wastes to street gutters and storm drains. Overloading and malfunction of septic systems lead to surface runoff (Ijc, 2003)
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Investigation reveals the following problem of the existing research work;
- Improper evaluation of the ways forward for Proper Monitoring, Prevention and Control of Marine Pollution in Warri port,
- Inadequate provision of information relating to the sources of marine pollution in Warri port,
- Lack of proper and precise information relating to the adverse effects of marine pollution on human health, as well as the Marine Environment.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The general objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of marine pollution to the shipping operation using Warri port as a case study. The specific objectives are to find out the following:
- To evaluate the ways forward for Proper Monitoring, Prevention and Control of Marine Pollution in Warri port,
- Provision of information relating to the sources of marine pollution in Warri port,
- To provide proper and precise information relating to the adverse effects of marine pollution on human health, as well as the Marine Environment.
1.4 Research Questions
The following research questions were formulated to guide this study:
- What are the Sources of Marine Pollution?
- Does Marine Pollution have adverse effects on human health, as well As the Marine Environment?
- What are the ways forward for Proper Monitoring, Prevention and Control of Marine Pollution in Warri Port?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
The following research hypotheses were formulated to guide this study:
Hypothesis 1
- H0: There is no significance relationship between the effect of Marine Pollution and shipping operation in Warri port.
- H1: There is a significance relationship between the effect of Marine Pollution and shipping operation in Warri port.
1.6 Significance of the Study
In this study, the researchers have set out to evaluate the effect of marine pollution to the shipping operation using Warri port as a case study.
- It would enable the officer’s in-charge to improve on the system of transportation where lapses are discovered or exists.
- The study would also educate those who do not understand the essence of marine pollution to the shipping operation of any nation.
- To stakeholders and interested persons in transport sector, this study is expected to enkindle their interest the more and they will take note of various recommendations mentioned here and help steer the management team towards forming a study organizations to present accurate shipping operation that will measure the Nigerian gross domestic product.
- This study will also help to serve as literature (reference source) to students, individuals or corporate bodies into what to carry out on further research on the similar topic.
1.7 Scope of the Study
This study is limited to Warri port waterway and upon the research topic which is the effect of marine pollution to the shipping operation using Warri port as a case study.
1.8 Limitation of the Study
During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Establishment Policies: Establishment policies posed a serious limitation as most staffs are not ready to release information needed for this project work. There were lots of information needed from the staffs of this institution to enhance the study which took them time to release or they did not release at all for security purposes, hence the scope was reduced.
1.9 Definition of Terms
- Transportation: It is an act, process, or instance of transporting or being transported. Any device used to move an item from one location to another. Common forms of transportation include planes, trains, automobiles, and other two-wheel devices such as bikes or motorcycles.
- Accessibility: accessibility refers to ease of reaching destinations. People in places that are highly accessible would reach many other activities or destinations quickly and people in inaccessible places can reach many fewer places in the same amount of time, so that nearer or less expensive places are weighted more than farther or more expensive places.
Logistics: Logistics is generally the detailed organization and implementation of a complex operation. In a general business sense, logistics is the management of the flow of things between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet requirements of customers or corporations.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
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