SERUM CALCIUM CONCENTRATION IS INVERSELY ASSOCIATED WITH RADIOGRAPHIC KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS
ABSTRACT
To examine the relationship between serum calcium (Ca) concentration and radiographic knee osteoarthritis (OA). This study covered a total of 2855 subjects. The serum Ca concentration was detected by the Arsenazo III method. The radiographic OA of the knee was defined as changes equivalent to Kellgren - Lawrence grade 2 on 1 side at least. The serum Ca concentration was categorized into 4 quartiles, which are =2.27, 2.28-2.34, 2.35-2.41, and =2.42mmol/L, respectively.
The relationship between serum Ca and radiographic knee OA was examined using the multivariable logistic analysis after adjusting a series of potential confounding factors. For each quartile of the relationship between serum Ca concentration and radiographic knee OA, the OR with 95% CI was calculated, and the one with the lowest value was considered to be the reference.
An inverse association existed between serum Ca concentration and radiographic OA of the knee in the multivariable model and the model where the factors of age, sex, and BMI were adjusted. The multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI) for radiographic knee OA in the second, third, and fourth quartiles of serum Ca concentration were 1.05 (95% CI: 0.83 - 1.31), 1.01 (95% CI: 0.80 - 1.27), and 0.79 (95% CI: 0.62 - 1.00), respectively, in comparison with the reference (first) quartile. A trend approaching to statistical significant (P = 0.06) was observed. Meanwhile, the relative odds of radiographic OA of the knee were decreased by 0.79 times in the fourth quartile in comparison with the reference. There is likely to be an inverse association between serum Ca concentration and radiographic OA of the knee.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease of the joints which is characterized by degradation of articular cartilage, synovitis, and changes to subchondral bone which exhibits altered remodeling.1 It is a major public concern as it is one of the leading causes of morbidity and disability, thereby laying a huge medical and economic burden on health resources.2 Despite these concerns, the pathogenesis of OA remains unclear. A combination of local joint-specific factors acting in the context of systemic susceptibility may contribute to the development of OA. There seem to be many factors contributing to the occurrence and extent of the OA process including obesity, joint injury, metabolic diseases, bone and joint malformations, and genetic factors.3
It is hypothesized that nutritional imbalance is also involved in the pathogenesis of OA. The importance of nutrition in the maintenance of joint health is now widely recognized.4 In recent studies, our investigative group found that serum magnesium (Mg) concentration may have an inverse relationship with radiographic OA of the knee.5 Calcium, which belongs to the same family in the periodic table as Mg, shares the same homeostatic regulating system that involves calcium sensing receptor and (re)absorption with calcium.6,7Meanwhile, Mg and calcium antagonize each other in many physiological activities.7-10 So the relationship of the prevalence of radiographic knee OA with serum calcium concentration is also worth studying.
Calcium is an essential nutrient which plays a key role in regulating a great diversity of physiology processes, including muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, endocrine and exocrine secretion, and blood clotting.11,12 In healthy individuals, serum levels of calcium are regulated by homeostatic mechanisms involving the calcium-sensing receptor, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and parathyroid hormone. Disorders of calcium homeostasis are related to an increased risk disease, such as cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and prostate cancer.13-18 There have been studies reporting associations between serum calcium and OA.
However, no association was found between OA and serum calcium concentration in these studies.19-21 It is notable that these studies have been performed on Western population, the lifestyle and eating habits of which are different from Asian people. Differences may exist among populations from the different regions. For example, a multicenter hospital-based case-control study conducted in Asian revealed an inverse association between serum concentrations of calcium and the risk of prostate cancer,18 while no association was found in Western populations.
Hence, thorough investigation of serum calcium concentration in Asian countries such as China can potentially reveal further insight concerning probable association between OA and serum calcium in a different geographic setting. We, therefore, designed a cross-sectional study aimed to further evaluate the association of the prevalence of radiographic knee OA with serum calcium concentration.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
Procedure for Downloading the PDF (Docx) Material
Serum Calcium Concentration Is Inversely Associated with Radiographic Knee Osteoarthritis can be downloaded by requesting the full set of materials at the project or seminar cost. The document will be sent via Microsoft Word (MS-Word) format via WhatsApp (e-mail) following payment confirmation.
| Seminar Material Cost ₦3,000 | Project Material Cost ₦5,000 |
Request Complete Material
 | Click here to request the Complete Material via WhatsApp including;
|
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Serum Calcium Concentration Is Inversely Associated with Radiographic Knee Osteoarthritis" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Can the material for “Impact of Performance Appraisal on Employees Motivation” be used as a guide for Business Administration and Management (BAM) Project?
Yes it can be used — Appraisal is very significant tool inside the man supremacy management, stipulation it is conduct properly along with reasonably, it can carry out the organization to their ambition and the employees determination accomplish their wellbeing. Within this manuscript I study the sound possessions of concert assessment consequences taking place the staff enthusiasm. “The aptitude to craft superior verdict Vis-à-vis populace corresponds to solitary of the preceding steadfast foundation of workforce assessment, while exceptionally hardly any association is good by the side of it.” Peter Drucker. …
Can the material for “Effects of Teachers Experience in the Academic Performance of Students in Mathematics” be used as a guide for Mathematics Education Project?
Yes it can be used — This research was conducted to look into effects of teachers experience in the academic performance of students in Mathematics. Five schools were used in IfakoIjaye local Government Area of Lagos state on the whole, Fifty students and twenty five teachers were interviewed using the questionnaires. It was found out that the problem arise from the skills and qualification of teachers. It is the opinion of the researcher that qualified personnel should be employed to teach Mathematics and Government should improve the working conditions of teachers, school, relevant textbooks and organization of seminars by Mathematics teacher association of Nigeria. …
Can this topic “Design and Implementation of Aircraft Flight Weather Atmosphere Forecasting System” be used for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — Weather forecasting is the application of current technology and science to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location. The aim of the study is to design and implement an Aircraft Flight Weather Atmosphere Forecasting System. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to develop a workable weather forecasting system, present the concept and techniques of weather forecasting system, showcase the importance and limitation of weather forecasting system, design a system that will enable Aviation industry to make decision on flight control based on information given, study and use advance programming language as logical tool for forecasting weather conditions, and make sure of effective analysis, design implementation, and also provide …
Can the material for “Drug Procurement and Distribution Tracking System” be used as a guide for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it can be used — Drug procurement and distribution tracking system is a set of computer programs that obtains the supplies of drugs, distribute the drugs and monitors the inventory control of the drugs. The aim of the study is to design and implement a drug procurement and distribution tracking system using pharmacy department of the Enugu State University Teaching Hospital (ESUTH) as a case study. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows to develop an application software that will provide information about the quantity of drugs remaining and ensure ordering of drugs without mistake of procuring more than required. The motivation that led to the implementation of the proposed system is as a result of the manual recording …
Is the topic “Unpopularity of Modern Insurance in Nigeria” recommended for Insurance Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — The aim of this project is to bring out the reason why modern insurance is unpopular in eastern part of Nigeria a case study of Enugu states. Insurance plays a vital role in the economy but the eastern parts is yet to be insurance conscious. Chapter one of this work will deal with the introduction of the study, background of study statement of problems objective study, limitation of study and definite of term Chapter Two literature review, and bring out more details bout the reason for unpopularity of modern insurance in Eastern State …
Can the material for “Determination of the Level of Ethanol in Alcoholic Beverages Produced in Nigeria as an Indication for Safety Standard” be used as a guide for Science Laboratory Technology (SLT) Project?
Yes it can be used — The study was carried out to determine the level of ethanol in alcoholic beverages produced in Nigeria as an indication for safety standard. Alcoholic beverages are a standard lubricant (anxiety-reliever) at social gatherings and those who refuse to consume ethanol run the risk of being social outcasts. This research work is a survey of level of alcohol in beverages produced in Nigeria and to ascertain the compliance of the producers in accordance with accepted values on WHO recommendation. Six brands of alcoholic beverages (Guilders, Star, Harp, Heineken, Stout and Legend) were bought in Awka in Anambra state. The samples were analyzed for level of alcohol (Ethanol) using acid dichromate reaction and visible spectroscopy methods. The result obtained for bottom fermented …
Is the topic “Causes and Effect of Labour Unrest on Local Government Administration” recommended for Public Administration (PA) Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — This project work derived into the cause and effect of labour crisis in local government administration, information was obtain for through the use of primary and secondary source of data collections, the method of sampling used for this population was simple random sampling (probability sampling). A simple percentage method of statistical analysis was also used for analyzing the data. From the data analyzed, some findings were arrived at among which were the fact that salary irregularity in the local government causes labour unrest and that labour unrest leads to low productivity and poor service delivery. In order to overcome these problem some recommendations were made which include the need to have sale regularity paid and review on regular basis. …
Can the material for “Influence of Peer Group Pressure on Adolescents Smoking Habits” be used as a guide for Guidance and Counselling Project?
Yes it can be used — Peer groups are an informal primary group of people who share a similar or equal status and who are usually of roughly the same age and interact within the social aggregate. The study carried out to examine the Influence of Peer Group Pressure on Adolescents Smoking Habits among Undergraduate Students in Tertiary Institutions in Ado-Ekiti Local Government area of Ekiti State. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to examine the effects of peer group pressure on adolescent smoking behavior and analyze the negative effects of smoking on adolescent’s health. Influence of Peer Group Pressure on Adolescents Smoking Habits has more than ever before being posing serious threat to adolescent health. As such, government, parents and …
Can the material for “Antimicrobial Properties of Chlorine and Alcohol Disinfectants” be used as a guide for Microbiology Project?
Yes it can be used — This study was carried out on the antimicrobial properties of chlorine and alcohol disinfectants. Disinfectant solutions were pre-pared according to manufacturers’ instructions and tested against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213,Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853,Streptococcus mutans NCTC1044,Candida albicans ATCC 90028, Bacillus subtilis ATCC15244 spores, Mycobacterium tuberculosis ATCC 25177, My-cobacteriumavium subsp. avium ATCC 25291 and HepatitisB virus using the Standard quantitative suspension test. The shelf-lives of the disinfectants were also determined. The results showed that both disinfectants killed all the test organisms within 30 seconds. B. subtilis spores were killed in 2 and2.5 minutes by chlorine dioxide and sodium dichloroisocya-nurate respectively. When diluted solutions of these disinfectants were stored in screw cap bottles, they retained their activity for at least 30 days. The study …
Can the material for “The Role of Social Studies in Inculcating Citizenship in Junior Secondary School (JSS)” be used as a guide for Social Studies Project?
Yes it can be used — Social studies focus on the study of people in relation to each other and to their world. The study was carried out to investigate the role of Social Studies education on the Citizenship values of JSS III students for citizenship development in Nigeria. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were set out to establish the average performance of students from junior secondary schools in gwagwalada area council abuja on social studies achievement test for effective citizenship development and compare the average performance of male and female students. The research design used in this report is descriptive design, utilizing questionnaire method to obtain information from the respondents for this project. Primary data were collected from the primary source which …