PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF ACACIA ALBIDA

ABSTRACT

The study was carried out to determine the Phytochemical and antimicrobial activity of acacia albida. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to examine the chemistry of Acacia Albida food and nourishment for man and animal and identify the Pathogenic Bacteria involved in Acacia Albida. Acacia Albida is a widely used tree well documented for increasing the yields of crops grown under it. An antimicrobial is an agent that kills microorganisms or stops their growth. Antimicrobial medicines can be grouped according to the microorganisms they act primarily against. The aqueous and methanolic extracts exhibited a potent growth stimulation effect. Inhibition of both the rootlet and shoot showed a dose dependent response. Aqueous extract has a greater inhibitory effect on rootlet growth than shoot growth. The methanolic extract has a greater inhibitory effect than the aqueous extract. Both extracts and some fractions were tested against three pathogenic bacterial species; Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae, also tested against three pathogenic fungal species; Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternate, and Aspergillus niger. Most of the plant extracts stimulate the studied fungal growth specially the aqueous extract. Meanwhile it shows interesting results by inhibiting the growth of the studied pathogenic bacterial species with most extracts and fractions. This study when completed, it will help provide adequate information about most the Phytochemical and antimicrobial activity of acacia albida. This project will be beneficial to individuals such as subsequent researchers, Lab Scientist, and Technologist. By providing accurate and complete information about each activity of acacia albida, it will also serve as reference material for subsequent researcher in the field or related topics.

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

Acacia Albida is a widely used tree well documented for increasing the yields of crops grown under it. An antimicrobial is an agent that kills microorganisms or stops their growth. Antimicrobial medicines can be grouped according to the microorganisms they act primarily against. Antimicrobials are chemicals added to products with the intention of killing or inhibiting the growth of microbes. Unfortunately, for most uses they provide no benefit to consumers and may cause health harm. They can also be classified according to their function. Agents that kill microbes are microbicides, while those that merely inhibit their growth are called bacteriostatic agents. The use of antimicrobial medicines to treat infection is known as antimicrobial chemotherapy, while the use of antimicrobial medicines to prevent infection is known as antimicrobial prophylaxis.

As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.

1.2 Background of Study

Acacia Albida is of the family Mimosoideae (Fabaceae). It is native to Southwest Africa, through West, North Africa to Egypt and East Africa. Common names include winter thorn and apple-ring acacia. The Hausa people of northern Nigeria call it ‘Gawo’ while in Fulfuldes it is called ‘Chayski’. Phytochemical studies reveal that plants in this family contain tannins (Barry and McNabb, 1999) which account for their use in the making of dyes. In addition to this, Tijani et al., (2008) reported the presence of alkaloids and saponins in the stem bark extract of Acacia Albida. In folkloric medicine, it is used to treat fevers by the Masai people of Kenya as well as in the treatment of diarrhoea in Tanganyika (Irvine, 1961). These activities have been reported by (Tijani et al., 2009). It is also used in treatment of colds and haemorrhage. A liniment, made by steeping the bark, is used for bathing and massage in pneumonia. The bark infusion is used in cases of difficult delivery, and is used as a febrifuge for cough (Irvine, 1961).

Kubmarawa et al., (2007) reported the antimicrobial activity of Acacia Albida against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella typhi. In northern Nigeria, especially among the cattle rearing nomads, a decoction of the stem bark is taken orally for the management of the sleeping sickness (Tijani et al., 2008).

No previous study was made on the Acacia Albida legumes, this study was made to evaluate the methanolic and aqueous extracts on the growth inhibition of the wheat root and shoot and their antimicrobial effects, besides screening the most important compound classes for further studies.

Therefore, in Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Activity of Acacia Albida.

1.3 Statement of Problems

Investigation by this study reveals the following challenges involved in Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Activity of Acacia Albida:

A lot of people lacks information about the chemistry of Acacia Albida food and nourishment for man and animal.
Lack of appropriate information of the nutritional value of Acacia Albida.
Lack of knowledge of the Pathogenic Bacteria in Acacia Albida.
Lack of information about the Antimicrobial Activity of organic extracts from leaves and roots of F. Acacia.

1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study

The aim of the study is to determine the Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Activity of Acacia Albida. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:

To examine the chemistry of Acacia Albida food and nourishment for man and animal;
To identify the Pathogenic Bacteria involved in Acacia Albida; and
To provide appropriate information of the nutritional value of Acacia Albida.

1.5 Research Questions

The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:

What are the Pathogenic Bacteria involved in Acacia Albida?
What is the nutritional value of Acacia Albida?
What is the chemistry of Acacia Albida food and nourishment for man and animal?

1.6 Research Hypothesis

In order to pursue the objective of this study, the following generalized statements have been designed to guide and aids in obtaining the result for the experiment to be conducted. For this work, the null hypothesis will be represented with H0 while the alternative hypothesis will be represented with hypothesis H1.

H₀1: Closer to an Acacia Albida tree and at high Acacia Albida tree density, barley yield and soil properties (total N, available P, soil organic matter, pH and soil moisture) are affected positively
H₀2: Acacia Albida based land use systems are associated with low intensity agricultural land use types.

1.7 Significance of Study

This study when completed, it will help provide adequate information about most the phytochemical and antimicrobial activity of acacia albida. This project will be beneficial to individuals such as subsequent researchers, Lab Scientist, and Technologist. By providing accurate and complete information about each activity of acacia albida, it will also serve as reference material for subsequent researcher in the field or related topics.

1.8 Scope of Study

The scope of the research is focused on the Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Activity of Acacia Albida.

1.9 Limitations of the Study

During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:

Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet).

1.10 Definition of Terms

Antimicrobials: These are chemicals added to products with the intention of killing or inhibiting the growth of microbes. Unfortunately, for most uses they provide no benefit to consumers and may cause health harm.

Antimicrobial Therapy: An antimicrobial therapy kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, or protozoans. Therapies that kill microorganisms are called microbiocidal therapies and therapies that only inhibit the growth of microorganisms are called microbiostatic therapies.

Phytochemical: Is any of various biologically active compounds found in plants.

Activity: The condition in which things are happening or being done.

Bacteria: A member of a large group of unicellular microorganisms which have cell walls but lack organelles and an organized nucleus, including some that can cause disease.

…

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRELIMINARY PAGES

Title page
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background of Study
1.3 Statement of Problems
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Research Hypothesis
1.7 Significance of Study
1.8 Scope of Study
1.9 Limitations of the Study
1.10 Definition of Terms
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Importance of Phytochemicals
2.3 Uses of Acacia Albida
2.4 Chemistry of Acacia Albida
2.5 Antimicrobial Activity
2.6 Physiochemical Property
2.7 Overview of Antimicrobial
2.7.1 History of Antimicrobial
2.7.2 Chemical of Antimicrobial
2.7.2.1 Antibacterials
2.7.2.2 Antifungals
2.7.2.3 Antivirals
2.7.2.4 Antiparasitics
2.7.2.5 Broad-Spectrum Therapeutics
2.7.2.6 Non-pharmaceutical
2.8 Essential Oils
2.8.1 Antimicrobial Pesticides
2.8.2 Antimicrobial Pesticide Products
2.8.3 Antimicrobial Pesticide Safety
2.8.4 Ozone
2.8.5 Antimicrobial Scrubs
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Collection of Samples
3.3 Preparation of Plant Extract
3.4 Phytochemical Screening
3.4.1 Test for Terpenes
3.4.2 Test for flavonoids
3.4.3 Test for Saponins
3.4.4 Test for steroids
3.4.5 Test for cardiac glycosides
3.4.6 Test for Proteins
3.4.7 Test for Carbohydrates
3.4.8 Test for Tannins and Phenolic Compounds
3.4.9 Test for Alkaloids
3.5 Allelopathic Potential of Acacia Albida Aqueous and Methanolic Extracts on Wheat
3.6 Chemical Analysis of Samples
3.7 Phytochemical Analysis
3.7.1 Determination of Total Phenolic Content
3.7.2 Determination of Flavonoids
3.8 Antimicrobial Assays
3.9 Hemolytic Assay
3.10 Statistical Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Phytochemical Tests
4.3 Phytochemical Analyses of the Samples
4.4 Antimicrobial Screening
4.5 Allelopathic Potential of Acacia Albida Aqueous and Methanolic Extracts on Wheat
4.5.1 Effect of Extracts on Percentage of Wheat Seed Germination
4.5.2 Effect of Extracts on Shoot and Root Growth of Wheat
4.5.3 Antimicrobial Tests
4.5.3.1 The Biological Activity of Acacia Albida Legumes Against Three Pathogenic Bacteria
4.6 The Biological Activity of Acacia Albida Legumes against Three Pathogenic Fungi
4.7 Test of Hypotheses
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Summary of Findings
5.3 Conclusion
5.4 Recommendation
REFERENCES

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