OUTPUT, PROXIMATE COMPOSITION, CARBON TO NITROGEN RATIO AND ENERGY VALUE OF BROILER AND CAGED LAYERS LITTERS
ABSTRACT
Studies were carried out to examine the output, proximate composition, carbon to nitrogen ratio and energy value of poultry litter. Excreta was collected from broiler chicken and caged layers. Excreta collected was subjected to gross chemical analysis and gross energy determination. The results showed the output of broilers to be 154g per bird per day while that of layer was 86.5g.Result obtained from the proximate analysis of the broiler and layer litters showed that broiler litter had a moisture content of 31.79% (68.1% dry matter), 10.06% crude protein, 6.1% ether extract, 16.62% crude fibre, 18% ash and 15.90% nitrogen free extract whereas layer litter had 29.06% moisture content (70.94% dry matter), 8.54% crude protein, 5.5% ether extract, 12.5% crude fibre, 23.75% ash, 20.65% nitrogen free extract on dry matter basis while on fresh basis (wet basis) broiler had 6.87% crude protein, 12.31% ash, 11.30% crude fibre, 4.16% ether extract and 10.83% nitrogen free extract whereas layer had 6.06% crude protein, 16.70% ash, 8.88% crude fibre, 3.90% ether extract and 14.93% nitrogen free extract. The average gross energy of broiler litters was 7.61MJ/kg while that of layer was 6.40MJ/kg, the carbon to nitrogen ratio of broiler litter was 17.53 while that of layer litter was 19.27 (on dry matter basis). On fresh basis the average gross energy of broiler litter was 5.19MJ/kg and that of layer was 4.36MJ/kg, the carbon to ratio of broiler was 11.92 while that of layer was 13.14.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
Poultry litter consists of bedding material mixed with manure, feathers, spilled water and waste feed accumulated during the production cycle of mainly broilers and layers (Blackhall, 2005). Poultry population is increasing because of the increase in demand for readily available protein and this has led to a corresponding increase in the amount of waste produced from intensive livestock production. In order to harmonize the interest of the poultry industry with current and further environmental concerns, environmental stewardship in animal agriculture is aimed at reducing the level of contamination of the environment by excreta (Siewerdt and Arun, 2007).
This can be achieved by treating poultry litter as a source of renewable energy (Kelleher, 2002). Poultry litter has significant energy value which is comparable to wood and half that of coal. As a result, power plants have been developed using poultry litter as fuel for generation of heat and for electricity production (Kelleher, 2002). Enormous amount of poultry litter produced annually has been traditionally utilized as fertilizer for crop production and also as supplements in livestock feed (Hall and denaley 1994). In addition, layer and broiler litters are potential sources of fly larva, pathogenic organisms and zoonotic diseases. Therefore they must be handled and used appropriately. These concerns necessitate the knowledge about the chemical composition of poultry litter (Martin, 2007).
Biofuel are a wide range of fuels which are derived from animal manure or plant materials or a mixture of both (Agbogbu and Mbaeyi, 2006). Biofuel includes any solid, liquid or gaseous industrial, commercial, domestic or agricultural waste. The solid biofuels includes fuelwood, wood pellets and charcoal. Liquid biofuels are biodiesel, ethanol, pyrolysis oils while gaseous biofuel include biogas (Energy Commission of Nigeria, 2010). Ojolo, Dinrifo and Adesuyi (2007) claimed that the Nigerian government and industries are in search of technologies that allow for more efficient and cost effective waste management. Continued increase in price of petroleum products such as kerosene, diesel and gas make it imperative the search for an effective alternative source of energy (Agbogbu and Mbaeyi, 2006). Anaerobic degradation of poultry litter by bacteria produces methane and carbon dioxide, which are good sources of hydrocarbon mostly used as fuel.
1.1 Aim of the study
The aim of the study is to analyze poultry litter for its gross chemical composition and energy value and to assess its potential.
Specific objectives
The specific objectives of the study include:
- To estimate the excreta output of broiler and layer bird within a specified period of time.
- To determine the proximate composition of broiler and layer litter.
- To determine the carbon content of layer and broiler litter.
- To determine the Carbon to Nitrogen (C:N) ratio of broiler and layer litter
- To determine the gross energy value of broiler and layer litter.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
Procedure for Downloading the PDF (Docx) Material
Output, Proximate Composition, Carbon to Nitrogen Ratio and Energy Value of Broiler and Caged Layers Litters can be downloaded by requesting the full set of materials at the project or seminar cost. The document will be sent via Microsoft Word (MS-Word) format via WhatsApp (e-mail) following payment confirmation.
| Seminar Material Cost ₦3,000 | Project Material Cost ₦5,000 |
Request Complete Material
 | Click here to request the Complete Material via WhatsApp including;
|
TABLE OF CONTENTSPRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
- 1.0 Introduction
- 1.1 Aim of the study
- 1.2 Specific objectives
- 2.0 Literature Review
- 2.1 Excreta output of poultry
- 2.2 Proximate composition of poultry litter
- 2.3 Carbon to nitrogen ratio
- 2.4 Gross energy of poultry litter
- 2.5 Energy generation from poultry litter
- 2.6 Benefits of Biofuels
- 3.0 Materials and Methods
- 3.1 Site of study and collection of samples
- 3.2 Proximate Analysis
- 3.3 Determination of dry matter/moisture content
- 3.4 Determination of Crude Protein
- 3.5 Ether Extract (Crude Fat)
- 3.6 Crude fibre
- 3.7 Ash content determination
- 3.8 Determination of Gross energy
- 3.9 Determination of Carbon content
- 4.0 Result
- 4.1 Excreta output
- 4.2 Proximate composition of broiler and layer litters (Dry matter basis)
- 4.3 Gross energy of broiler and layer litters
- 4.4 Carbon to nitrogen (C: N) ratio of broiler and layer litters
- 5.0 Discussion
- 6.0 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
- 6.1 Summary
- 6.2 Conclusion
- 6.3 Recommendation
REFERENCES
APPENDIX I APPENDIX 2 APPENDIX 3 APPENDIX 4 APPENDIX 5
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Output, Proximate Composition, Carbon to Nitrogen Ratio and Energy Value of Broiler and Caged Layers Litters" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
PRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
- 1.0 Introduction
- 1.1 Aim of the study
- 1.2 Specific objectives
- 2.0 Literature Review
- 2.1 Excreta output of poultry
- 2.2 Proximate composition of poultry litter
- 2.3 Carbon to nitrogen ratio
- 2.4 Gross energy of poultry litter
- 2.5 Energy generation from poultry litter
- 2.6 Benefits of Biofuels
- 3.0 Materials and Methods
- 3.1 Site of study and collection of samples
- 3.2 Proximate Analysis
- 3.3 Determination of dry matter/moisture content
- 3.4 Determination of Crude Protein
- 3.5 Ether Extract (Crude Fat)
- 3.6 Crude fibre
- 3.7 Ash content determination
- 3.8 Determination of Gross energy
- 3.9 Determination of Carbon content
- 4.0 Result
- 4.1 Excreta output
- 4.2 Proximate composition of broiler and layer litters (Dry matter basis)
- 4.3 Gross energy of broiler and layer litters
- 4.4 Carbon to nitrogen (C: N) ratio of broiler and layer litters
- 5.0 Discussion
- 6.0 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
- 6.1 Summary
- 6.2 Conclusion
- 6.3 Recommendation
REFERENCES
APPENDIX I APPENDIX 2 APPENDIX 3 APPENDIX 4 APPENDIX 5
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Output, Proximate Composition, Carbon to Nitrogen Ratio and Energy Value of Broiler and Caged Layers Litters" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Can this topic “The Impact of Bank Consolidation on Service Delivery” be used for Political Science Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — In 2004, a major reform policy was undertaken in the Nigerian banking sector with the view to removing or minimizing certain operational constraints thereby enhancing the fiscal strengths, stability and efficient service delivery of the banks. This study assessed the impact of banking consolidation in order to ascertain whether it has yielded or yielding desired results with an empirical focus on Zaria based banks. The study is guided by the structural-functionalist theory. The data was quantitative and qualitatively generated and analyzed through tabulation and complimented with other primary and secondary sources. The study found out that Bank consolidation has positive impact on the service delivery to customers of the banks but not significant, which is due to pre-mature mergers, supervision …
Is the topic “Executive Compensation Packages and Job Satisfaction” recommended for Business Administration and Management (BAM) Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — The study examines executive compensation packages and job satisfaction of fast consuming goods companies. Precisely, the study focused on Cadbury, Nestle and Dangote Nigeria Plc. The study employed descriptive survey method. The population of the study comprises of all management staff of Cadbury, Nestle and Dangote Nigeria Plc. The study adopted simple random sampling technique to select the sample for the study. Data for the study were collected through the use of structured questionnaire. The data collected were analyzed through the use of descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation while the hypothesis was tested using regression techniques. All analysis was carried with the aid of SPSS. The result from the analysis reveals that executive compensation packages such as long …
Can the material for “Design and Implementation of Expert System for Lassa Fever Disease” be used as a guide for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it can be used — An expert system is a computer program designed to solve problems in a domain in which there is human expertise. Lassa fever is transmitted to humans when they ingest food contaminated by feces and urine of Mastomys spp. Once humans are infected, transmission also occurs from human to human through contact with contaminated fluid-sputum, seminal fluid, stool, urine and blood, and is spread through aerosol secretions during sneezing. The aim of this study is to develop of Expert System for the Diagnosis of Lassa fever Diseases and Ailment. In achieving this aim, the new system will accomplish the following objectives through the design of a system that will help return the skills of an expert medical doctor in event of …
Can the material for “Importance of Exclusive Breastfeeding on the Health of Children Under Five” be used as a guide for Nursing (Science) Project?
Yes it can be used — Breast milk is regarded as perfect, natural and protective food for newborns. The study was carried out to examine the importance of exclusive breastfeeding on the health of 0-5years Children. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to investigate the effects of maternal nutrition on exclusive breastfeeding of Children under five and identify the effects of maternal occupation on the actualization of exclusive breastfeeding. Investigation revealed that the importance of exclusive breastfeeding cannot be overemphasized. Government at all levels and health practitioners have embarked on various health outreaches to encourage exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of the infant’s life. The research design used in this report is descriptive design, utilizing questionnaire method to obtain …
Can the material for “Design and Implementation of a Mobile Based Study Planner for Students” be used as a guide for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it can be used — A study plan is an organized schedule that students create to outline time for study and learning goals. The aim of the study is to design and implement a Mobile Based Study Planner for Students. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to study existing study planner applications, design an android application that will help students efficiently manage their study time and To develop an android application that will provide an effective way for students to log their lecture days and times, and seamlessly add reminders to lectures which have tests and assignments. The motivation that led to the implementation of the proposed system is as a result of the problem of bulky, enormous and confusing …
Can this topic “Local Government as a Platform for Political Participation” be used for Political Science Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — The study scrutinizes the Local Government as a Platform for Political Participation using Akure South Local Government Area as a case study. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to examine the Platform for Political Participation in Akure South Local Government in Ekiti State, investigate the adverse effects or danger on the Citizens of local government in political participation, find out why it is important to strive to achieve a high degree of grassroots democracy in Nigeria, analyze the social organization have roots upon which their life more or less depends, and encourages democratic freedom, self reliance, initiative and social sense of the free man by placing the ultimate responsibility for the control of government on …
Can this topic “A Critical Discourse Analysis of Negation in the Inaugural Speeches of Two Nigerian President” be used for Linguistics and Communication Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — This study is a critical discourse analysis of negation in the inaugural speeches of two Nigerian Presidents. The study aims at finding out if negation performs certain statement. The data used for the analysis are from the speeches of the two Presidents, Goodluck Jonathan and Musa Yar’Adua. The speeches were adopted from different websites. The analysis employed the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) frame work. Specifically the Fairclough’s model of analysis was used. Fairclough’s model of CDA consist of three (3) components which are; description, interpretation and explanation. These three components where the analytical procedure employed to bring out the different functions negation performs in the speeches .The study found out that negation performed different functions aside negating the truth-value of an …
Is the topic “Source of Raw Material for Small Scale Business in Nigeria” recommended for Business Administration and Management (BAM) Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — There has been a lot of difficulties in determining the definition of small scale business. To determine what a small scale business is we have to put into consideration so many employees, asset values, sales volume, financial strength number of locations, relative size and so on. Some definitions of small scale business have been put up as in the case of the industrial research unit if Obafemi Awolowo university Ife, which states that is one whose capital assets equipment plant and working capital are less than N250.000.00 and employing power of not less than 50 full time workers This study work toward how these small scale business can source raw materials for their production and how some of their problem can be …
Is the topic “Design and Implementation of Computerized Tourism Information System” recommended for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — Tourism is traveling for predominantly recreational or leisure purposes or the provision of services to support this leisure travel. Tourism is vital for many countries, due to the income generated by the consumption of goods and services by tourists, the taxes levied on businesses in the tourism industry, and the opportunity for employment in the service industries associated with tourism. The aim of this study is to Design and Implement a Computerized Tourism Information System. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows to design and develop an application software that will ascertain the core problems and offer useful/meaningful suggestions to alleviate these problems affecting Enugu state tourism board, provide a web-based bus ticket reservation …
Can this topic “Evaluation of Problems Facing National Health Insurance Scheme in Nigeria” be used for Insurance Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — This research work is on the Problem Facing National Health Insurance Scheme in Nigeria. The source of data for the work area oral interview and questionnaire, the population of the study was drawn from both national and state hospitals in Enugu. Samples of questionnaires were distributed to the respondents. The instruments used are oral interview and questionnaire. The instrument were reliable because they include statements of the problem, objectives of the study and the research questions, one of the findings is that the various methods used in marketing of health insurance is not known by the people. One of the conclusions is that there should be free material and child health programme for the country. …