EFFECTS OF FERTILIZATION ON CROP PRODUCTION AND NUTRIENT-SUPPLYING CAPACITY UNDER RICE-OILSEED RAPE ROTATION SYSTEM
ABSTRACT
Incredible accomplishments have been achieved in agricultural production in China, but many demanding challenges for ensuring food security and environmental sustainability remain. Field experiments were conducted from 2011—2013 at three different sites, including Honghu, Shayang, and Jingzhou in China, to determine the effects of fertilization on enhancing crop productivity and indigenous nutrient-supplying capacity (INuS) in a rice (Oryza sativa L.)-rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) rotation. Four mineral fertilizer treatments (NPK, NP, NK and PK) were applied in a randomized complete block design with three replicates.
Crop yields were increased by 19—41% (rice) and 61—76% (rapeseed) during the two years of rice-rapeseed rotation under NPK fertilization compared to PK fertilization across the study sites. Yield responses to fertilization were ranked NPK?>?NP?>?NK?>?PK, illustrating that N deficiency was the most limiting condition in a rice-rapeseed rotation, followed by P and K deficiencies.
The highest and lowest N, P and K accumulations were observed under NPK and PK fertilization, respectively. The INuS of the soil decreased to a significant extent and affected rice-rapeseed rotation productivity at each site under NP, NK, and PK fertilization when compared to NPK. Based on the study results, a balanced nutrient application using NPK fertilization is a key management strategy for enhancing rice-rapeseed productivity and environmental safety.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
Agriculture farming, previously dominated by production, currently has diverse objectives. The study of the environmental impacts of crops, the reduced costs of production and the balanced use of fertilization are among the main objectives of modern agriculture 1. Rice-upland rotations are important agricultural production systems in South Asian countries 1, covering an estimated 26.7 million hectares 2. The rice in rotation is followed by next crop called upland crop.
This type of rotation has many different sequences, where numerous grain and industrial crops could be rotated with paddy rice. E.g. rice-rapeseed, rice-wheat, rice-potato, rice-Chinese milk vetch etc. In China and other Asian countries, continuous rice planting has had a negative impact on soil properties, such as reduced soil nitrogen supply and organic carbon content 3. Paddy-rice-upland crop rotations have been recommended and used to improve soil quality and reduce input 3.
In China, these rice-based rotations contribute to 72% of the total cereal production and cover an area of approximately 13 million hectares. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important global food crop that ensures food security for many countries. In China, rice is one of the most vital staple food crops, accounting for ~28% of the total grain-sown area and 43% of total grain production 4. With a constantly growing population, Asian irrigated rice production must increase by 43% over the next 30 years 1.
However, further expansion of the rice planted area is a challenge because a majority of the arable land is already utilized for rice production or has been converted into urban infrastructure 5. Food security advances must be achieved by constantly improving grain yield per unit area. Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is the second most significant source of edible oil globally, with a high nutritional value and a favorable composition of fatty acids for both food and feed 7. Consequently, its demand is increasing considerably all over the world 8. China is the leading producer of oilseed rape, containing 23.3% of the cultivated area and contributing 22.2% of global oil-seed rape production 1. Therefore, rice-oil-seed rape rotation is of great significance to the economy and food security of China.
The Yangtze River basin in China is a major planting area for the rice-oilseed rape rotation system, contributing 70% of the total rice and 91% of the total oil-seed rape production. Oil-seed rape in this area is usually cultivated under the single rice-oilseed rape system or the double rice-oil-seed rape system, which limits the crop duration and the soil nutrient supply accessible for increasing yield. Conversely, the yields of rice-upland rotations faced significant decline or yield stagnation with deterioration in soil fertility.
Concerns are also increasing about the loss of soil organic matter and the reduced nutrient-supplying capacity of soils under rice-upland rotations, which may be due to the increasing cropping intensity. Farmers have resorted to the use of imbalanced fertilization (i.e., one fertilizer application; for example, in north-central China and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, only N fertilizer but no P and K fertilizers were applied by farmers, while in northeast China, N and P were applied but not K) or excessive fertilization to maintain yield levelness,15,16.
This over-fertilization by farmers, driven by the desire for higher yields, does not always contribute to high yield but it has recently become a common practice for farmers in China nonetheless. Unfortunately, over-fertilization decreases the efficiency of nutrient use and causes a series of economic and environmental problem. However, balanced mineral fertilizer inputs have played an important role in increasing the rice and oil-seed rape yield.
Managing agricultural nutrients to provide a safe food supply and secure the environment remains one of the immense challenges of the 21st century. Crop nutrient uptake and crop yields are the principal factors that determine optimal fertilization practice. Therefore, it is very important to apply fertilizers in an efficient way to minimize loss and to improve the nutrient use efficiency.
To the best of our knowledge, previous studies on fertilization responses were rarely conducted on rice and oilseed rape crops individually, and no one has reported fertilization responses in the rice-oilseed rape rotation, particularly in China. In this study, on-farm experiments were conducted at three sites across the Hubei province in central China from May 2011 to May 2013 to study the influence of different mineral fertilizer applications on rice and oilseed rape yield and on the nutrient-supplying capacity of soil during a rice-oilseed rape rotation. These estimates will be helpful for improving fertilizer recommendations and for achieving sustainable production in rice-oilseed rape rotations in central China.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
Procedure for Downloading the PDF (Docx) Material
Effects of Fertilization on Crop Production and Nutrient-Supplying Capacity Under Rice-Oilseed Rape Rotation System can be downloaded by requesting the full set of materials at the project or seminar cost. The document will be sent via Microsoft Word (MS-Word) format via WhatsApp (e-mail) following payment confirmation.
| Seminar Material Cost ₦3,000 | Project Material Cost ₦5,000 |
Request Complete Material
 | Click here to request the Complete Material via WhatsApp including;
|
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Effects of Fertilization on Crop Production and Nutrient-Supplying Capacity Under Rice-Oilseed Rape Rotation System" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Can this topic “Minimum Wage and Workers Productivity in Nigeria” be used for Public Administration (PA) Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — This work tries to examine the impact of minimum wages on workers productivity in Nigeria. Public enterprises, with reference to Anambra State Board of Internal revenue. The study was borne out of the fact that workers are not adequately motivated in the organization. The study adopted survey design with a total population of 326 and a sample size of 180 which was determined through Yaro Yamane sampling Technique. Questionnaires and interview were the instrument used in generating data for the study. It was found out that there is a relationship between minimum wage motivates worker for higher productivity. It was also found out that the organization often motivates workers with wages incentives. The study concludes that human resource is a …
Can this topic “Design and Development of Nursery and Primary School Management System” be used for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — The School Management System will aid school proprietors, teachers, bursar and general administrative arm of schools to effectively manage students and other stakeholders of the school. The aim of the study is to design and implement an Online Nursery and Primary School Management System. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to develop an application software that will provide a secured school management system for registration and admission of students, keep track of student information such as school fees and results and facilitate attendance record keeping and various report generation. The motivation that led to the implementation of the proposed system is that transcripts of students are prepared manually by the record officer and teachers. Report cards …
Can the material for “Causes of Drug Abuse and It’s Effects Among Secondary School Students” be used as a guide for Guidance and Counselling Project?
Yes it can be used — This research is carried out to critically review the causes of drug abuse among secondary school students in Oredo Local Government Area, Benin City as a case study. To make this research a reality questionnaires were administered to collect information, the information was collected from different places. The motive behind the research on the causes of drug abuse among secondary school students stem from the belief that students now engage more on drugs than before. This research also seek to find out factors responsible for the causes of drug abuse in schools. The collected data though questionnaires were analyzed computed in percentages. And the following were seen as the major causes of drug abuse in schools; lack of parental care, …
Can the material for “The Impact of the Application of RFID Technology in the Accessibility and Retrieval of Information Resources in Nigerian Libraries” be used as a guide for Library and Information Science (LIS) Project?
Yes it can be used — Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is used in various ways in many sectors, including healthcare, retail, government, transportation, and education. The study examines the Impact of the Application of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology in the Accessibility and Retrieval of Information Resources in Nigerian Libraries. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to investigate the impact of the Application of RFID Technology in the Accessibility Information Resources, examine the individual perspective to RFID Technology, and evaluate the Impact of the Application of RFID Technology in the Retrieval of Information Resources in Nigeria. The research design used in this report is descriptive design, utilizing questionnaire method to obtain information from the respondents for this project. A total …
Is the topic “Knowledge and Attitude of Undergraduate Students Towards Homosexuality and It’s Implication on Social Adjustment” recommended for Sociology Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — With civilization and urbanization on the increase in Nigeria today and also freedom from parents enjoyed by youths and students in various institutions of higher learning in Nigeria, different kinds of sexual orientation has developed which homosexual is one of them. Homosexuality being the romantic or sexual intercourse or behaviour between members of the same sex, has attracted much interest and attention as a social problems that needs to be investigated and solved. However, there have been different kinds of attitude towards the act and those involve in it. In Nigeria, it is strongly frowned at, because it is believed to have a negative effect on the general society, it therefore constitute a deviant behaviour and it is highly against the …
Can this topic “Spelling Errors among Nigeria Secondary Schools Students, Effects on Their Performance and Remedies” be used for English Education Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — The study scrutinizes the Effects on their Performance and Remedies of Spelling Errors among Nigeria Secondary Schools Students. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to examine and describe the spelling performance of Nigerian secondary school students, discuss the role of readiness and spelling assessing the case of poor students, present a detailed assessment of the role of spelling rules in an effective spelling programme, and assess the importance of good methodology in teaching of spelling in Nigerian secondary school. To spell means to name correctly in order, the letter that make up a word. However, too many students there are difficulties being encountered in this essential academic activity spelling. This is the focus of this …
Can the material for “Technical and Vocational Students' Perceptions on Students’ industrial Work Experience (SIWES)” be used as a guide for Vocational Education Project?
Yes it can be used — The study was carried out to determine the attitude of students towards SIWES in the higher institutions. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to find out the attitude of students towards SIWES in the higher institutions, investigate the factors responsible for students attitude towards SIWES and examine the attitudinal differences of male and female students' towards SIWES. The research design used in this report is descriptive design, utilizing questionnaire method to obtain information from the respondents for this project. A total of 200 (two hundred) respondents were selected for this study to represent the entire population of the study. For null hypotheses were formulated and tested using the one-way ANOVA and the t-test statistical tools …
Is the topic “Impediments to the Acquisition of Computer Education by Secondary School Students” recommended for Computer Education Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — The study employed a survey designed. A sample of 800 students which were randomly selected served us the study sample. Data were collected using the questionnaire. Mean and standard derivation were used to analyze the data. It was found out that lack of interest and inadequate personnel and facilities were serious impediments to acquisition of computer education. Finally, recommendations were made that enough trained personnel should be recruited and posted to schools to teach computer studies. …
Is the topic “Design and Implementation of a Web Based Price Tag Management System” recommended for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — Computerized Product Price tag management can be defined as any marketing tactic used by firms to create the perception that its current price offers good value compared to competitors’ price, past prices or future prices. The aim of the study is to design and implement a Computerized Product Price Tag Management System. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows to develop an application software that will aid in the determination of prices of products based on cost variables and allow the easy updating of price tags. The motivation that led to the implementation of the proposed system is that a lot of retailers do not have an effective method of managing price tags such …
Can the material for “Knowledge and Utilization of Contraceptive Services Among Female Students of Ambrose Alli University” be used as a guide for Guidance and Counselling Project?
Yes it can be used — Access to contraceptive has become increasingly crucial for adolescents because many are sexually active at earlier ages than in the past. This will further compound overall levels of maternal mortality in Nigeria tertiary institutions. Contraceptives are drugs or device used to prevent a woman from being pregnant and also used to protect men and women from sexually transmitted diseases. How can this be driven home is truth to our adolescences, utilized to reduce our teaming population and to reduce the diseases that are sexually transmitted. The project was done in March − July 2019. The main objective of this study was to examine the knowledge and utilization of contraceptive services among female students of Ambrose Alli University,Ekpoma Edo state. A …