EFFECT OF SPROUTING ON THE PROXIMATE COMPOSITION AND THICKENING PROPERTIES OF EDE OCHA AND EDE OFE COCOYAM
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of sprouting on the proximate composition and thickening (functional) properties of two varieties of cocoyam “ede ocha” (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) and “ede ofe” (Colocasia esculenta). The two varieties were processed using standard methods and the nutritional and thickening properties analyzed. The result obtained was further subjected to statistical analysis (standard deviation and ANOVA). The result of the analysis revealed that in “ede ocha”, sprouting significantly (p<0.05) decreased moisture content (from 23.51- 11.77%), fibre (2.2- 1.85%), protein (12.01- 7.85) and bulk density (0.59 – 0.53 %) while it significantly (p<0.05) increased ash (1.78- 2.08%), fat (0.91- 0.98%), CHO (59.6-75%), WAC (1.96- 2.91%) and OAC (1.61- 1.86%). Whereas, in “ede ofe”, sprouting significantly (p<0.05) decreased moisture content (from 13.64- 10.57%), fibre (2.55- 3.2%) and CHO (70.41- 68.48%), while it significantly (p<0.05) increased ash (3.38- 4.27%) and fat (3.39- 3.85%). It was further observed that sprouting did not cause any change in bulk density of “ede ofe”. There is increase (71– 780C and 16- 17secs) in “ede ocha” and decrease (69-680C and 15- 14secs) in “ede ofe” in terms of gelatinization temperature and wettability respectively as a result of sprouting but not significantly. Significant (p<0.05) increase (from 1.6- 1.87v/v) and (2.69- 2.78v/v) in swelling index was also recorded in “ede ocha” and “ede ofe”respectively as a result of sprouting. This result therefore, indicated that sprouting improved the proximate composition as well as the functional properties of two varieties of cocoyam flour.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
Cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittofolium and Colocasia esculenta) are tropical root and tuber crops largely produced for its underground corms which belongs the family Aracea family. It is grown and produced in Nigeria and in many other parts of the tropical and subtropical areas of the world ( Aboubakar et al ., 2008).
The estimated world production of cocoyam is placed at 5.5 million tonnes annually with Ghana and Nigeria being considered as the world leading producers (Sefa Dedeh and Ayir sackey, 2004).
Cocoyam corms and cormels are usually eaten boiled, roasted, pounded and sometimes mixed with other staples such as yam, cassava or plantain Ihekoronye and Ngoddy, 1985).
Cocoyam is nutritionally superior to other roots and tubers in terms of digestibility crude protein and minerals such as Ca, Mg and P (Chukwu et al., 2008). Protein and fat content of cocoyam are low but it is high in carbohydrates, fibre and minerals (Del Rosario and Lorenz, 1999).
Even though cocoyam is not an industrial crop , its starch has numerous applications for use in several food products due to its small particle size which offers improved binding and may offer additional health promoting benefit . It is widely used as soup thickener and usually pounded to a soft dough known as utara ede in south eastern Nigeria (Ihekoronye and Ngoddy, 1985).
One of the problems facing cocoyam is post harvest storage. Cocoyams can be best stored in cool dry ventilated surrounding and the best temperature for prolong storage is about 70C storage at lower temperature leads to death of buds and decay of the corns within two months while storage at higher temperature such as 15-230C is not satisfactory for long periods . In some communities in south east Nigeria, cocoyams are stored by being buried under the earth in a cool environment or swamp and this storage of cocoyams under earth in a cool dry ventilated surrounding or swamp result in the sprouting of the corms at the availability of some level of moisture (Onwueme and Charles,1994).
Sprouting is characterized by increase in enzymatic activities which results to breakdown of macromolecules and mobilization of reserves from the corm to the growing shoot. The desirable nutritional change that occur during sprouting are mainly due to the breakdown of complex compounds into a more simple form, transformation into essential constituents and breakdown of nutritionally undesirable constituents ( Chavan and Kadam, 1 989).
The thickening property of cocoyam is affected by varieties of different factors like sprouting, however, the level of its efficacy maybe influenced by some factors such as; the soil type, special type, process conditions, innate properties of the food in which it is used as an additive, in all the different ways that cocoyams are being consumed traditionally whether by boiling, pounding as a soup thickener etc. softening of the cocoyam tuber when cooked is a critical factor which is used to determine its degree of doneness (Onwueme and Charles, 1994).
Successful performance of flours as food ingredients depend the functional characteristics and sensory qualities they impart to the end product (Kaur and Singh, 2007). The functional properties of flour are provided not only by proteins, but also by the complex carbohydrates and other components such as pectins and mucilages (Kaur and Singh, 2005).
1.2 Problem Statement
Investigation showed that millions of people consume cocoyam yearly but do not sprout it, few people that does, do not know the effect, thus, this research work tend will serve to educate people more on the reason why they should sprout their cocoyam before consumption and its economic value so that the society at large will not only focus on its thickening property but also on its good materials and health benefits.
Cocoyams have a short-shelf life because of their high moisture content and start rotting as early as 2 weeks post-harvesting, thus, this research work tend to minimize tuber losses by converting them from perishable to non perishable through food processing operations and one of the best ways to preserve them is by processing them into flour and starch. Thickening power is desired as well as the small particle size in being useful for bread or noodle production.
1.3 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to study the effect of sprouting on the proximate composition thickening properties of two varieties of cocoyam. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To determine the proximate composition of two varieties of sprout and unsprouted cocoyam.
- To determine the thickening properties of two varieties of cocoyam.
- To know the effect of sprouting on the two varieties of cocoyam.
- To produce cocoyam flour.
- To help in promoting the utilization of sprout cocoyam and its flours.
1.4 Justification / Significance of the Study
Sprouting has been observed to improve the thickening properties of cocoyam and its utilization, sprouting equally reduces the anti-nutritional factor present in cocoyam. It also reduces the carbohydrate the carbohydrate content of cocoyam which when too much can increase the blood sugar level and finally sprouting increases fibre content of cocoyam.
The high viscosity of cocoyam starches makes them very useful in food applications where high thickening power is desired as well as the small particle size being useful for bread or noodle production (Aprianita et al., 2009).
1.5 Scope of Study
The scope of the research is focused on the Effect of Sprouting on the Proximate Composition and Thickening Properties of the Two Varieties of Cocoyam, Ede Ocha (Xanthosoma Sagittifolium) and Ede Ofe (Colocasia Esculenta).
1.6 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, there were some problems encountered which stood as limitations to the research work. Some of the limitations include:
- Time Constraint:The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet).
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
Procedure for Downloading the PDF (Docx) Material
Effect of Sprouting on the Proximate Composition and Thickening Properties of Ede Ocha and Ede Ofe Cocoyam can be downloaded by requesting the full set of materials at the project or seminar cost. The document will be sent via Microsoft Word (MS-Word) format via WhatsApp (e-mail) following payment confirmation.
| Seminar Material Cost ₦3,000 | Project Material Cost ₦5,000 |
Request Complete Material
 | Click here to request the Complete Material via WhatsApp including;
|
TABLE OF CONTENTSPRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Introduction
- ⋮
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- ⋮
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
- 3.1 Introduction
- ⋮
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Results
- ⋮
- 4.3 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
REFERENCES
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Effect of Sprouting on the Proximate Composition and Thickening Properties of Ede Ocha and Ede Ofe Cocoyam" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
PRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Introduction
- ⋮
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- ⋮
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
- 3.1 Introduction
- ⋮
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Results
- ⋮
- 4.3 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
REFERENCES
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Effect of Sprouting on the Proximate Composition and Thickening Properties of Ede Ocha and Ede Ofe Cocoyam" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Can this topic “The Lending Procedures and Loan Recovery in Banks” be used for Banking and Finance (BF) Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — This topic lending procedures and loan recovery in banks was tailored described. The piece of work looked into bank services and the rules that guide their monetary policies. Research was carried out on ways of improving bank lending policies and good measures on how money could be recovered. Recommendation for further improvement on these policies was described. It vividly described procedure for taking securities for bank lending to these in the financial industry, this piece of work could serve as a reference manual to them. The manual can also educate people on the roles of banking in economic development of Nigeria. …
Can the material for “Commercial Bank – Role in Financing Small Scale Industries in Nigeria” be used as a guide for Banking and Finance (BF) Project?
Yes it can be used — This study is aimed at finding out the role commercial banks play over the small scale industries and the problem the small scale industries encounter. This study, has been divided into five (s) chapters thus:. Chapter one is the introduction, sitting out the background of the study. The researcher highlighted that the performance of small scale industries are financed by commercial banks and other financial institutions. This study is of paramount importance because it help s to discover the problems facing the small scale industries in the course of financing themselves. Chapter two is a review of related literatures, it started by the definition of the small scale industries, the definition of the small scale industries, the financial institution involved, assistance provided by …
Can the material for “Landlord and Tenant Relationship, It’s Effects on Property Values” be used as a guide for Estate Management (EM) Project?
Yes it can be used — In long-term business relationships the customer experience is affected by how the customer perceives the quality of customer relationship. The purpose of this paper is to understand the customer relationship quality construct in tenant relationships in a business-to-business environment. Methodology / Approach: The theoretical framework is adapted from relationship marketing literature and this is then applied in case study settings to five customer companies in a landlord and tenant relationship. The paper framework of 13 relationship quality attributes and applies these to the case companies. Findings: The results suggest that some of the suggested relationship quality attributes have an importance in a landlord relationship while some suggested attributes have less value. Research Limitations / Implications:- The case studies were conducted in companies that occupy …
Can this topic “The Role of Nigerian Commercial Banks in National Economic Recovery” be used for Banking and Finance (BF) Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — As a nation progresses through previous stage of economic growth and development, expectations regarding the role of banks in economic growth development and social mobilization assume greater and weightier dimension. This situation becomes more pronounced when nation is going through the trauma of economic recession, as Nigeria is currently experiencing. The economic recession has necessitated the examination of the role of commercial banks in revitalizing the economy through a more effective functioning and better attention to the bank − customer relationship. Most learned educationists have succinctly presented a manage of the expectations of government and the public on the role of banks on National economic recovery efforts they identifies the problem of the Nigeria commercial banks as. Absence of the will to adhere …
Can this topic “Formation of Schiff’s Base (Acacen) Using Ethylenediamine and Effect of pH on Zinc (II) Ion on Coated Silica Gel by Column Method” be used for Science Laboratory Technology (SLT) Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — Acetylacetone ethylenediamine (ACACEN) is a Schiff base resulting from the condensation of pentan-2,4-dione and 1,2-diaminoethane. Solid-phase extraction of Zn (II) by column method in the pH range 1-12 have been studied in trichloromethane using acetylacetone ethylenediamine (ACACEN). Zn (II) extraction using 2% ACACEN in CHCl3 is sufficient or abundant in the pH of 5.0. The aqueous ACACEN shows a maximum absorption at 320nm.The Zn (II) complex has maximum absorption at 572nm. The acid dissociation constants of H2B (ACACEN) are obtained of by titrating with 0.179M NaOH and are found to be pKaiD = 11.55 and PKa2D = 11.55 corresponding to the formation of HB- and B2 respectively. pKaIDand pKa2D share the common value since H2B (ACACEN) has two ionizable hydrogen atoms …
Can the material for “A Mathematical Model for Prediction of the Strength of Sancrete Cement Block” be used as a guide for Civil Engineering Project?
Yes it can be used — Sandcrete blocks are prismatic units manufactured from lean (sand-cement) mortar mixes and are the predominant walling materials used in buildings in Nigeria and other countries. Although the blocks are preferred to other similar walling material such as bricks and concrete blocks due to the availability of the dominant material (sand) in the country and the ease of manufacture, the material is known to have several drawbacks: it has a low compressive strength which could be a factor for structural failure in buildings. Apart from the compressive strength, little is known about the other strength and permeation properties of the material. Thirdly, little research has been conducted into the influence of water-cement ratio which is known to wield a strong influence on …
Is the topic “Computerized E-Post Management System” recommended for Software Engineering Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — Electronic posting (E-post) is the use of a web site or other form of electronic communication used to display information gathered in connection with a fraud alert network. The aim of the study is to Design and Implement of a Web based E-post Management System. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to design and develop a software that will: analyze the global trends in e-commerce and why it is important for economic developments, identify the benefits of the adoption of e-post management system by courier Service Company, and an e-post platform that can be used by customers to order for post office items and make payment online. The motivation for embarking in this research work …
Can this topic “Electronic Records Management Competencies Requirement of Office Technology and Management Graduates in Nasarawa State” be used for Management Technology Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — The study was aimed at assessing the electronic records management competencies requirement of office technology and management graduates in Nasarawa state. Two research questions guided the study. Two null hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The population of the study comprised 200 graduates in Polytechnics in Nasarawa state, Nigeria. A structured questionnaire with 27 items was developed by the researcher and validated by two experts. The Cronbach Alpha coefficient measure of internal consistency was used to test the reliability of the instrument. The result of the reliability test for sections of the questionnaire 0.97 and 0.68. The results of the reliability test yielded a value of 0.83 for the entire items in the questionnaire respectively. Mean and standard …
Can the material for “Electronic File Management System for Drug Enforcement Agency” be used as a guide for Computer Science Education Project?
Yes it can be used — An electronic file management system for drug enforcement agency is a system that can enable drug law enforcement agency to utilize the computer system to record crime information and also to investigate or to find out the perpetrators of a given crime based on past criminal records, or by the examination of evidence(s) gathered from the crime scene using specialized systems. The aim of the study is to design and implement an electronic file management system for drug enforcement agency. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to design and implement an application software that will: create an electronic filing system that can be used to record criminal record, easily search for and update existing criminal …
Is the topic “Design and Implementation of a Web Based System for Administrating Entrance Exams” recommended for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — Computers are known for their wide range of uses especially in scientific and mathematical fields. However little or no thought has been given to designing a complete and through intelligence test on a computer system in out immediate environment. Although in advanced countries, where computerized games have been developed, computers have proved that they constitute of ways of indirectly testing intelligence. This system is designed in order to implement intelligence test on a computer system. It tries as much as possible to incorporate the important aspect of intelligence on a wide scale. It is designed to test intelligence of secondary school leavers using the Senior School Certificate Examination (SSCE) and the University Matriculation Examination (UME) as a standardized sample, and as …