AFLATOXIN IN NUTRITION
ABSTRACT
The study determines the impact of Aflatoxin in Nutrition. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to outline the typical presentation of a patient with aflatoxin toxicity, describe the epidemiology of aflatoxin toxicity, explain the treatment considerations for patients with aflatoxin toxicity, and review the importance of improving care coordination among the interprofessional team to enhance care coordination for patients affected by aflatoxin toxicity. The data collected will be analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, co-efficient of variation). Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) will be used to estimate variation. Regression analysis will be used to find the relationship between some variables. They will be used to test the two hypotheses at 0.05 significant level. Aflatoxin is the mycotoxin generating the greatest losses and the highest management costs due to its extremely high toxicity on a unit basis, and its long history of stringent regulation. The costs are inversely related to the regulatory level that must be met, and lower concentration allowances will increase the costs of crop management. Several effective ways for the management of mycotoxin contamination in agriculture have been stressed. This study will be of immense benefit to food technologist, microbiologist and other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
Aflatoxins are poisonous substances produced by certain kinds of fungi (moulds) that are found naturally all over the world; they can contaminate food crops and pose a serious health threat to humans and livestock (WHO, 2018). Aflatoxins can be found worldwide in a variety of food and feed commodities especially cereals; the contamination with aflatoxin-producing fungi and the production of the toxin in the products can occur in the field, during storage, transportation at almost all stages of the production chain. In finished animal feed, the contamination of an ingredient could cause the contamination of an entire feed batch (Gallo et al., 2015).
Furthermore, the introduction of a feedstuff contaminated with aflatoxin-producing fungi could lead to the spoilage of other feed shipments and serves as a fungi source in the feed industry environment difficult to eliminate. This deterioration effect has a significant repercussion in association with the global trade and the international exchange of animal feed and feed ingredients (Kovalsky et al., 2016). Co-occurrence of different mycotoxins in finished feed could have profound negative effects on animal and human health, due to the synergistic or additive effect among toxins (Kovalsky et al., 2016). The global production of animal feed reached 964 million tons in 2014 (FEFAC, 2015). Cereal grains, primarily corn, are widely used as energy source in animal feed for different species. These raw materials represent 50–80% of the animal diet in America and Europe. USA and Brazil are the major corn exporter countries, and Japan and Mexico are the largest importer countries (ITC, 2017). For example, most of the ingredients used in Malaysia for the production of animal feeds such as cereal grains, soybean meal, corn gluten meal, and soybean meal are imported from Thailand, China, India, Argentina, USA, Australia, and Canada. Mycotoxin contamination of feed caused by poor storage conditions during production and transportation are frequent (Afsah-Hejri et al., 2013). In Costa Rica, the animal feed produced is based on corn products and only during 2015 over 764 254 tons of corn products were imported (PROCOMER, 2017).
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
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