THE PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF HOSPITAL POSTERS IN SELECTED ABUJA HOSPITALS
ABSTRACT
The study intends to examine the effectiveness of hospital’s posters in communicating health messages in Selected Abuja Hospitals in Nigeria. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to draw attention to use visual images in health promotion both to aid in creating awareness and in promoting behavior change, asses knowledge, attitude and perception of patience in relation to visual images, assess the poster designing process undertaken by hospitals: whether the pre and post-production process involves the target audience or not, and identify gaps and draw lessons in relation to health posters designing process. The research design used in this report is descriptive design, utilizing questionnaire method to obtain information from the respondents for this project. Primary data were collected from the primary source which questionnaire was used as an instrument of data collection while secondary data were sources from textbooks, journals, newspapers and the internet were employed. The data were presented on a frequency distribution table and analyzed using simple percentage. This study would promote the utilization of posters and posters for the purpose of message transmission. It is believed to contribute towards generating guidelines necessary for further improvement of poster production to bring about the expected result. This study would promote the significance of empowering people to participate in any development work through participatory communication. It enables the society to influence the decision-making processes of formulating and implementing products and programs intended to satisfy their needs and solve their problems. The society will benefit if messages are transmitted to them in a way they understand best, thus creating awareness and promoting behavior change.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
The word pragmatics was first used by Morris (1938) in his publication titled Foundation of the Theory of Signs. He coined it from a Greek word, ‘pragma’ which means matter in the hand or action. He regarded it as a branch of semiotics. The term pragmatics has being variously defined and such definitions are further emphasized on in different areas of interest by different scholars.
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.
1.2 Background of Study
The exhibit from the world’s largest collection of public heath posters housed in the National Library of Medicine (United States) reveals the potential of posters as effective medium for communicating information about disease, identifying risk factors, and promoting behavioral change. By examining the history and function of public health posters, the exhibit suggests that social, biological, and cultural factors have collectively influenced the design of public health campaigns throughout the preceding century (Boyle, 2003). Due to the many qualities posters have, public health campaigners are encouraged to use them as powerful medium for visually communicating knowledge about disease, and for promoting changes in behavior. In the process, poster designers developed a visual vocabulary to help shape and define “normal “and “healthy” behaviors and conditions which has provided the basis for a variety of campaigns against infectious diseases and environmental health hazards (Boyle, 2003,2).
Therefore, in Abuja Hospital of Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the Pragmatic Analysis of Hospital Posters.
1.3 Statement of the Problem
This study intends to analyze how effectively hospital health posters in selected Abuja hospitals communicate health message. In other words, it looks in to whether the poster are designed in a way the audience understands them. It also explores the strategy presently employed by hospitals communication unit in designing health messages.
Posters and posters are believed to play vital role for people to gain awareness and control over factors that influence their basic needs. Concerning this visual aids, Starrs and Rizzuto (1995, 1) state “experience has shown that, a welldesigned campaign can change people’s knowledge, attitudes and behavior” (Starrs and Rizzuto, 1995, 1). They also emphasize that effective campaigns begin through research to find out what people currently know, believe and do.
Particular attention needs to be paid in designing posters and posters especially for a society where reading culture is not vastly developed. Many people doubt the quality of health posters and posters produced in Abuja. Most of these visual materials seem to be produced on impulse rather than assessing audience’s background and involving target audience. So their effectiveness is also doubtful. Though initiatives have been taken to curb health problems (like the spread of HIV) little has been done to certain the impact of these posters and posters on bringing awareness and promoting behavior change.
1.4 Aim and Objective of the Study
The aim of the study is to examine the effectiveness of hospital’s posters in communicating health messages in Selected Abuja Hospitals in Nigeria. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To draw attention to use visual images in health promotion both to aid in creating awareness and in promoting behavior change.
- To asses knowledge, attitude and perception of patience in relation to visual images
- To assess the poster designing process undertaken by hospitals: whether the pre and post-production process involves the target audience or not.
- To identify gaps and draw lessons in relation to health posters designing process.
1.5 Research Questions
All the undertaking of this study is finally expected to show how effectively message is communicated through hospital’s posters. To this end; the study answers the following basic questions based on a framework for making public awareness posters by Bowers (1981).
- Is the channel preferable by the community?
- Does the image represent the caption?
- Does the message stimulate emotions?
- Is the message clear and easy to understand?
- What is the message target specification?
1.6 Significance of Study
This study would promote the utilization of posters and posters for the purpose of message transmission. It is believed to contribute towards generating guidelines necessary for further improvement of poster production to bring about the expected result.
This study would promote the significance of empowering people to participate in any development work through participatory communication. It enables the society to influence the decision-making processes of formulating and implementing products and programs intended to satisfy their needs and solve their problems. The society will benefit if messages are transmitted to them in a way they understand best, thus creating awareness and promoting behavior change.
This research has significance to communication planners and message designers as well. It helps them to examine and act upon the strength and weakness of their message transmission skill. For hospitals too, this study is important because it enhances message-designing skill of communication planners and health workers.
1.7 Scope of the Study
The paper intends to examine the effectiveness of hospital’s posters in communicating health messages in Selected Abuja Hospitals in Nigeria. However this study does not include the recently produced Hospital’s posters since they came out after the data for this research has already been gathered.
1.8 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Establishment Policies: Establishment policies posed a serious limitation as most staffs are not ready to release information needed for this project work. There were lots of information needed from the staffs of this establishment to enhance the study which took them time to release or they did not release at all for security purposes, hence the scope was reduced.
- Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
- Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
Procedure for Downloading the PDF (Docx) Material
The Pragmatic Analysis of Hospital Posters in Selected Abuja Hospitals can be downloaded by requesting the full set of materials at the project or seminar cost. The document will be sent via Microsoft Word (MS-Word) format via WhatsApp (e-mail) following payment confirmation.
| Seminar Material Cost ₦3,000 | Project Material Cost ₦5,000 |
Request Complete Material
 | Click here to request the Complete Material via WhatsApp including;
|
TABLE OF CONTENTSPRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Background …
- ⋮
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Conceptual Review
- 2.3 Theoretical Framework
- ⋮
- 2.4 Empirical Studies
- 2.5 Research Gaps
- 2.6 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Research Design
- 3.3 Population of Study
- 3.4 Sampling and Sampling Technique
- 3.5 Validation of Research Instrument
- 3.6 Method of Data Collection
- 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
- 3.8 Questionnaire Administration
- 3.9 Ethical Consideration
- 3.10 Statistical Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS, RESULT AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data
- 4.3 Re-statement of Research Questions
- 4.4 Test of Hypotheses
- 4.5 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary of Findings
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
- 5.5 Suggestion for Further Study
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A - “QUESTIONNAIRE”
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "The Pragmatic Analysis of Hospital Posters in Selected Abuja Hospitals" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
PRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Background …
- ⋮
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Conceptual Review
- 2.3 Theoretical Framework
- ⋮
- 2.4 Empirical Studies
- 2.5 Research Gaps
- 2.6 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Research Design
- 3.3 Population of Study
- 3.4 Sampling and Sampling Technique
- 3.5 Validation of Research Instrument
- 3.6 Method of Data Collection
- 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
- 3.8 Questionnaire Administration
- 3.9 Ethical Consideration
- 3.10 Statistical Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS, RESULT AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data
- 4.3 Re-statement of Research Questions
- 4.4 Test of Hypotheses
- 4.5 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary of Findings
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
- 5.5 Suggestion for Further Study
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A - “QUESTIONNAIRE”
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "The Pragmatic Analysis of Hospital Posters in Selected Abuja Hospitals" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Can this topic “Obesity and It’s Implications Among Adults” be used for Public Health Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — Obesity is a chronic disease that affects both developed and developing countries, and it affects both children and adults. The study was carried out to assess the Implications of Obesity among Adults residing at Urban and Rural Areas using Marraraba Metropolis Local Government Area of Taraba State as a case study. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to identify the health risk factors associated with overweight and obesity among adults and identify the factors that influence overweight and obesity among adults in the area under study. Investigation revealed that obesity is a health hazard and a detriment to one's well-being, as evidenced by increased morbidity and mortality. It plays an important role in the natural …
Can the material for “The Nigerian Medium Scale Businesses; Issues, Challenges and Prospects” be used as a guide for Entrepreneurship Project?
Yes it can be used — The research work aimed at examining the issues, challenges and prospects of the Nigerian Medium Scale Businesses. The main instrument used to generate data for the study was the questionnaire. The key issues uncovered by the research study are that respondents agreed that medium scale enterprises have played a significant role in the Nigerian economy. Also most of the barriers to the growth of medium scale businesses include poor managerial skill, lack of feasibility studies, lack of timely information, inconsistent government policies and inadequate infrastructural facilities. However, the findings of the study, the following recommendations are proffered. The Federal Government should provide enabling environment like the provision of infrastructures such as good roads, electricity supply, water to enable the operations of SMEs …
Can the material for “Effect of New Minimum Wage on Employees Turnover Intention in Public Sector” be used as a guide for Industrial Relations and Personnel Management (IRPM) Project?
Yes it can be used — The study exammes effect of new minimum wage on employee turnover intention in public sector. The objective of the study was to examine the relationship between the new minimum wage and employee turnover. The survey research method was adopted and a sample size of 68 respondents was selected from the population of study through stratified random sampling technique. Questionnaires were administered as the instrument of data collection and statistical tools were employed for data analysis. Findings of the research reveal that the new minimum wages is a step in the right direction. However, the determination of the wages without the input of the trade union representatives has generated a lot of controversies but does not have significant negative effect on labour …
Can this topic “Organizational Change and Employee Commitment of Manufacturing Companies” be used for Business Administration and Management (BAM) Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — The study set out to assess the effect of organizational change and employees' commitment. Data for the study was elicited from a sample of 300 employee of Beta Glass PLC in Delta State. Data collection was done with the aid of a structured questionnaire with items measured in Linkert type scale. Data analysis was done using descriptive and inferential tools. Hypothesis tested was conducted using a single regression model. Survey research design was adopted, and the statistical tool used comprises of correlation and regression analysis. The findings show that there is significant positive relationship between Change readiness and employee’s commitment, we fund that there is significant positive relationship between employee’s commitment and Personal Valence, stressing that Commitment and good Personal …
Can the material for “Impacts of Performance Appraisal on Productivity in an Organization” be used as a guide for Business Administration and Management (BAM) Project?
Yes it can be used — While the concept of performance appraisal is not new, the study of employee perception of the concept is still going on. The way employees perceives performances appraisal affects the importance that is attached to it. Many managers see the performance appraisal process as an administrative rite that consumes a lot of time, while producing little more than frustration, confrontation, and piles of paperwork. This research work provides an assessment of the impact of performance appraisal on production and productivity taking a case study of First Bite Limited. The purpose of this research work is to help change the perception of employees from seeing performance appraisal as management confrontation activity targeted as generating frustration among employees but to see performance appraisal as …
Is the topic “Design and Deployment of an Expert System for Medical Diagnosis” recommended for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — Expert system play an indomitable role in various disciplines and the assistance it renders to man cannot be overemphasized. A computer is digital electronic machine capable of accepting input data, processing and producing an output (information). The computer is an important tool that plays a good role in the analysis of any subject that is to be programmed. The uses of expert system on medical diagnosis of malaria include the interest of the research because of some spectacular activities it accomplished and to bring the awareness of the software to the doorstep of the readers and other medical and paramedical personnel’s. The software helps the junior doctors accompanied by a nurse in answering the calls of some patients with tedious …
Can this topic “The Relevance of Jesus’ Teaching in Matthew 6:10 for the Promotion of God’s Kingdom Among the Methodist Faithful in Calabar (Ma)” be used for Religious Studies Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — The study is to scrutinize the Relevance of Jesus' Teaching in Matthew 6:10 for the Promotion of God's Kingdom among the Methodist Faithful in Calabar. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to exegete the concept of the kingdom of God in the scriptures and relate it to Methodist Church Nigeria, Diocese of Calabar today and encourage Methodist Church Nigeria as a whole to be resilient in promoting the kingdom of God in Nigeria. In Matthew 6:10, Jesus projected the urgency, priority, need and pattern for the promotion of the kingdom of God, which many have either not understood or failed to heed. The fact that many Methodist congregations in Calabar are satisfied with their beautifully …
Can the material for “Rebranding and Review of National Housing Policy” be used as a guide for Architecture Project?
Yes it can be used — The research work examines the Rebranding and Review of National Housing Policy. In achieving this aim, the specific objectives were set out as follows to: examine the level of infrastructural development in Nigeria, determine if real estate agency rebranding can contribute to economic growth, identify the effects of national housing policy on infrastructural development in Nigeria, examining the need for low income housing provision for the low income group, examining theoretical issues relating to low income housing deficiencies; evaluating housing policies performance within the institutional framework context and proffering solution to the low income housing problem for a sustainable urban development. Housing policy in Nigeria is as old as the history of the country. Housing policy is derived from laws, …
Can the material for “Encryption and Decryption Techniques for Securing Communication in Networking using Symmetric Algorithm” be used as a guide for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it can be used — Encryption attempts to ensure secrecy in communications, such as those of spies, military leaders, and diplomats, but it have also had religious applications. The aim of the study is to eradicate the problems of the existing system. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives of study were considered in other to; Understand and improve the computer networking data security through encryption of data, Enable communication between two or more computers on the network, Allow the computers in the network communicate without the need for a central server, allow the computers connected in the network perform the function of both a server and a client on the network i.e. they are given the administrative right to both send and receive …
Can the material for “An Automatic Water Fish Pond Management System” be used as a guide for Management Project?
Yes it can be used — Fish farming in Nigeria is becoming one of the most lucrative entrepreneurial activities due to the low technology, low cost deployment investment and the 3 to 6 month harvesting cycles. The aim of the study is to Design and Implement an Automatic Water Fish Pond Management System that will automatically monitor and manage the fish pond and its perimeter. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to design and develop an application that will detect change in the water level of fish pond and refill the water to the required level, change in water temperature and control it, and any intrusion into the fish pond perimeters and alert the responsible authorities. The motivation that led to the …