PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM PALM KERNEL OIL (PKO) USING SODIUM ETHOXIDE: THE EFFECT OF TIME
ABSTRACT
The study was carried out to examine the effect of time production of biodiesel from palm kernel oil (PKO) using sodium ethoxide. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to determine the effect of reaction time on biodiesel production from palm kernel, test the produced Biodiesel from palm kernel for quality and evaluate the viscosity and specific gravity tests of biodiesel production from palm kernel. In the production of biodiesel a wide variety of vegetable oils can be used as raw material. In this research palm kernel oil was used. The pure palm kernel oil could have been used as diesel but the viscosity would just be too high for application in engines and automobiles. In an attempt to modify (or improve on) the viscosity, transesterification was done with the aid of sodium-ethoxide; a blend of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and ethanol (C2H6O). The effect of time on the yield and how it affects the viscosity of the PKO- biodiesel so produced was investigated. The biodiesel obtained had a viscosity that was less than that of the original PKO by almost 80%. And results obtained from the runs indicate that the yield is nearly independent on reaction time. This study will be of immense benefit to researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
Biodiesel also referred to as non-petroleum based fuel consists of short chain alkyl (methyl or ethyl) esters, made by transesterification of vegetable or animal fat (tallow), which can be used (blend conventional petrol diesel) in unmodified diesel engine vehicles (Goering et al., 2012). According to Gerpen (2005), biodiesel production is through the chemical reaction of an animal fat or vegetable oil with an alcohol for instance methanol which requires the presence of a catalyst (usually a base) like potassium or sodium hydroxide which in turn produces new chemical compound called methyl esters. Biodiesel could be prepared from varieties of oil from vegetables like canola, corn, cotton seed oil, peanut, safflower, soybean, sun floweroil, palm oil, olive oil, palm kernel oil and coconut oil.
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
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TABLE OF CONTENTSPRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Background of Study
- 1.3 Statement of Problems
- 1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
- 1.5 Research Questions
- 1.6 Significance of Study
- 1.7 Scope of Study
- 1.8 Limitations of the Study
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Conceptual Review of Biodiesel
- 2.3 Theoretical Framework
- 2.3.1 Properties of Palm Kernel Oils and Biodiesel
- 2.4 Historical Background of Biodiesel
- 2.5 Transesterification Process for Palm Kernel to Biodiesel Production
MATERIALS AND METHODS
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Study Area
- 3.3 Materials Used
- 3.4 Equipment and Apparatus Used
- 3.5 Experimental Procedure
- 3.5.1 Parameter Calculation
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Results
- 4.3 Analysis of Research Questions
- 4.4 Discussion of Findings
- 4.4.1 Viscosity and Specific Gravity Tests
- 4.4.2 Effect of Reaction Time
- 4.4.3 Testing Biodiesel for Quality
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary of Findings
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
REFERENCES
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Production of Biodiesel from Palm Kernel Oil (PKO) using Sodium Ethoxide: the Effect of Time" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
PRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Background of Study
- 1.3 Statement of Problems
- 1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
- 1.5 Research Questions
- 1.6 Significance of Study
- 1.7 Scope of Study
- 1.8 Limitations of the Study
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Conceptual Review of Biodiesel
- 2.3 Theoretical Framework
- 2.3.1 Properties of Palm Kernel Oils and Biodiesel
- 2.4 Historical Background of Biodiesel
- 2.5 Transesterification Process for Palm Kernel to Biodiesel Production
MATERIALS AND METHODS
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Study Area
- 3.3 Materials Used
- 3.4 Equipment and Apparatus Used
- 3.5 Experimental Procedure
- 3.5.1 Parameter Calculation
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Results
- 4.3 Analysis of Research Questions
- 4.4 Discussion of Findings
- 4.4.1 Viscosity and Specific Gravity Tests
- 4.4.2 Effect of Reaction Time
- 4.4.3 Testing Biodiesel for Quality
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary of Findings
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
REFERENCES
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Production of Biodiesel from Palm Kernel Oil (PKO) using Sodium Ethoxide: the Effect of Time" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
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