PROCESS AND QUALITY FACTORS IN LAUNDARY AND TOILET SOAP PRODUCTION
ABSTRACT
Toilet and Laundary Soap is made by saponification, which is the hydrolysis of naturally occurring fats and oil by sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) or potassium hydroxide (caustic potash). Various additives have been used to impact some specific characteristics to the products. The study evaluated the Process and Quality Factors in Laundary and Toilet Soap Production. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to determine the Process and basic steps of producing Laundary and Toilet Soap and investigate the Quality Factors affecting Laundary and Toilet Soap Production. Various factors affected the quality of the soap produced. These include the method used in production, types and nature of oils used the percentage of the additives in the soap and the ratio at which oils are mixed to react with alkali. The work was carried out using one type of oil, namely, palm kernel oil for production of toilet soap and blend oil in the ration of 95:5 (PKO to other oil blends) for production of toilet wash respectively. The oil was firstly subjected to various analytical tests. Using both blended and unblended oil for production of Toilet wash in the ration of 2:1 of oil to alkali, soaps were produced which varied in quality as a result of either the ratio of mixing, the nature of oil or by both. Additives like sodium silicate, green pigment, pink pigment, citrolene perfume were added to improve the soaps quality and appearance. The omo soap samples produced; laundry and toilet soap have some distinguishable properties and these properties were found to be dependent on the different properties of the oils employed. The study on the production of the laundary soap is significant in homes, offices industries etc it is used in the washing off of dirt from our cloths, dishes, equipments etc. to ensure neatness and proper cleansing.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
Soap is a class of products that serves for cleaning of human, property and surrounding. Hence, soap in its various forms, is in high demand in all society. For generations its use has increased until its manufacture has become an industry essential to the comfort and health of civilized man. In fact, modern civilization may be gauged by the per capital consumption of soap and detergents. Soap a classical example of detergent (cleaning agent) – differs from detergent in processes of manufacture and chemical composition. These result in differences in action.
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.
1.2 Background of Study
The origin of soap is not well documented; it appears to have been available to the early civilizations of the Fertile Crescent after 2000 b.c. during this epoch soap was used as a wound medication or hair dressing because the cleansing properties had not yet been discovered. even the well chronicled baths of queen cleopatra were absent of soap. Essential oils were used for her bathing rituals. cleopatra used fine white sand as an abrasive agent for cleansing (Saveonscents, 2021).
Basically, all soap is made by saponification, which is the hydrolysis of naturally occurring fats and oil by sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) or potassium hydroxide (caustic potash). Various additives have been used to impact some specific characteristics to the products. The qualities and properties affecting soap and also the processing (which forms the basis of this project) depend on factors such as the nature and type of oil used, the type of alkali used and also on the proportion of mixture of both major raw materials.
Soap depends for its washing action on the fact that its molecules possess one ionic (polar, water – attracting or hydrophilic) end and one covalent (non-polar, water repelling or hydrophobic) end which attracts oils and greases. Thus, soap molecules can make water and oils come into an emulsion which can be washed away. This is the modern concepts of surface active agents or surfactants; soap, detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents and penetrants.
Soap is not, however, satisfactory, as it forms a scum (precipitate of insoluble calcium and magnesium salts) in hard and acidic waters. Synthetic detergents, on the other hand, do not form a scum in hard or acidic water as their calcium and magnesium salts are solute, are usually more soluble in water than soap is; enable water to spread and penetrate more fully over or through an article being cleaned and can generally be used equally well under alkaline or acidic conditions.
Soaps are essentially the sodium or potassium salts of various fatty acids, while detergents are very complex mixtures of many substances, all chosen to impact a particular action in cleaning. The polar end of the detergent molecule consists of sulphonic acid (- SO3H) or hydrogen sulphate (-OSO3H) group present in the form of its sodium salt to increase solubility. The non-polar end of the detergent molecule is a long alkyl – substituted benzene chain. Extensively branched chains are not biochemically degradable and such detergents cause pollution in rivers and sea wage waters. Soap also contains additives for some desired qualities. These include salt, soda ash, sodium silicate, sodium bicarbonate, perfume, colour, citric acid, borax, magnesium sulphate, and trisodium phosphate. A combination of inexpensive builders, e.g. soda ash with more effective (and expensive) tetrasoium pyrophosphate or sodium triphasphate, is sometimes superior to the phasphate used alone.
Although the use of soap has declined since World War II, majority of the world’s toilet tablets are still soap, and in the developing countries hard soap bars are still the most important fabric washing products. Also, a substantial proportion of the fabric – washing powder used in the United Kingdom is soap powder. Other uses of soaps are in textile finishing, emulsion polymerization, cosmetics and polishes.
Therefore, in Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the Process and Quality Factors in Laundary and Toilet Soap Production.
1.3 Statement of Problems
Investigation reveals the problems of the research work which entails the wide spread availability of the so called toilet soaps; a number of communicable infectious and food borne diseases as well as poor hygienic conditions related health problems are rampant. This can partially be explained by the fact that, occasionally some of these antimicrobial consumer products could have insufficient quantities of antimicrobials. It seems to be more of a marketing phenomenon. Unfortunately, in the long run may adversely affect the consumers, because overuse of these agents can ascribe to the emergence of drug resistant microorganisms (Russell, 1998; Beinlich et al. 2001; White, 2001).
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to evaluate the Process and Quality Factors in Laundary and Toilet Soap Production. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To determine the Process and basic steps of producing Laundary and Toilet Soap;
- To investigate the Quality Factors affecting Laundary and Toilet Soap Production.
1.5 Research Questions
The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:
- Are there Quality Factors affecting Laundary and Toilet Soap Production?
- What are the Process and basic steps of producing Laundary and Toilet Soap?
1.6 Significance of Study
The study on the production of the laundary soap is significant in homes, offices industries etc it is used in the washing off of dirt from our cloths, dishes, equipments etc. to ensure neatness and proper cleansing.
The significant of this study tends to connect the relationship that has to do with cleanliness and health. It tend to provide good health to people by ensuring a well and thorough cleaning of household materials, industrial facilities and equipment as well as cleaning the entire surroundings to ensure good health.
This will provide a basis for researchers who might investigate in this field/subject matter in the future as well as contribute to the existing body of knowledge.
1.7 Scope of Study
The study focuses on the Process and Quality Factors in Laundary and Toilet Soap Production in Nigeria.
1.8 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
- Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet).
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
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