PREVALENCE OF PREGNANCY INDUCED HYPERTENSION IN WOMEN ATTENDING ANTENATAL CLINIC
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
High blood pressure occurs when one’s blood move through the arteries at a higher speed than normal. It is also known that for now there is no cure for high blood pressure (Papadakis et al., 2008). Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) is classified according to the severity of hypertension. Women with pregnancy induced hypertension are at a greater risk of abruption placentae, cerebrovascular events, organ failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation (Kintiraki et al., 2015). Treatment of PIH depends on blood pressure levels, gestational age, presence of symptoms and associated risk factors. Blood pressure thresholds for drug management in pregnancy vary between different health’s organizations (Katon et al., 2012).
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.
1.2 Background of Study
Hypertension is a common complication of pregnancy. Preeclampsia, in particular, is associated with substantial risk to both the mother and the fetus. Several risk factors have been recognized to predict risk for preeclampsia (Solomon and Seely, 2011). However, at present no biomarkers have sufficient discriminatory ability to be useful in clinical practice, and no effective preventive strategies have yet been identified (Solomon and Seely, 2011). Commonly used medications for the treatment of hypertension in pregnancy include methyldopa and labetalol. Blood pressure thresholds for initiating antihypertensive therapy are higher than outside of pregnancy. Women with prior preeclampsia are at increased risk of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and renal disease (Suzuki et al., 2015).
The seriousness of this adult illness (high blood pressure) is not just that it can lead to more serious illness or complications, raises the risk of stroke, kidney failure, heart disease and heart attack. The matter is made worse with the existence of too much weight or fat in the body as this tends to make the condition severe. It is the duty of stakeholders in health sectors to keep the adult folk aware of the implication of over-weight by providing them with accurate, timely and up to date information regarding this health condition. It is also the duty of health personnel to warn and educate adults who are more prone to high blood pressure, about the dangers of over-weight in the management of high blood pressure. This awareness is expected to affect the feeding habit of these people, since it has been observed that poor feeding (that is, poor combination of the classes of food, not necessarily the quantity) is one of the causes of over-weight (Sacks F.M, 2008).
There are several causes of the differences, including variations in the definitions of the disorders and the methods of diagnosis. Also, many reports are based on hospital populations, which may be influenced by the special nature of the health services and do not reflect the situation in the whole population of a defined geographical area. In Nigeria, it is estimated that 5-10% of pregnancies are complicated by hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDP) and it results in more admissions in the antenatal period than any other disorder (Myers et al., 2002). Hypertensive disorder in pregnancy is one of the leading cause of maternal mortality in this centre (Audu et al., 2002).
Therefore, in Edo State where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the Prevalence of Pregnancy Induced Hypertension in Women Attending Antenatal Clinic at Primary Health Care Clinics.
1.3 Statement of Problems
Investigation reveals the Challenges of Prevalence of Pregnancy Induced Hypertension in Women Attending Antenatal Clinic at Primary Health Care Clinics in Badikkko, Kaduna South research work:
- A lot of patients have died as a result of Hypertension.
- High blood pressure can cause hardening and thickening of the arteries (atherosclerosis), which can lead to a heart attack, stroke or other complications.
- Heart failure: To pump blood against the higher pressure in your vessels, the heart has to work harder. This causes the walls of the heart's pumping chamber to thicken (left ventricular hypertrophy). Eventually, the thickened muscle may have a hard time pumping enough blood to meet your body's needs, which can lead to heart failure.
- Hypertension among pregnant women can affect the blood vessels. It may decrease blood flow in liver, kidneys, brain, uterus, and placenta in pregnant women.
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to examine the Prevalence of Pregnancy Induced Hypertension in Women Attending Antenatal Clinic at Primary Health Care Clinics in Badikkko, Kaduna South. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To examine the effect of Pregnancy Induced Hypertension among Women attending antenatal care in the area under study;
- To examine the perception of women attending antenatal care towards the management of pregnancy induced hypertension;
- To identify the challenges of treating hypertension among pregnant women attending antenatal care in the area under study;
- To examine the level of pregnancy induced hypertension awareness among women attending antenatal care; and
- To determine the extent and direction of the relationship between the socio-demographic variables and pregnancy induced hypertension among Women attending antenatal care in the area under study.
1.5 Research Questions
The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:
- What is the effect of Pregnancy Induced Hypertension among Women attending antenatal care in the area under study?
- What are the challenges of treating hypertension among pregnant women attending antenatal care in the area under study?
- What is the extent and direction of the relationship between the socio-demographic variables and pregnancy induced hypertension among Women attending antenatal care in the area under study?
- What is the level of pregnancy induced hypertension awareness among women attending antenatal care?
- What is the perception of women attending antenatal care towards the management of pregnancy induced hypertension?
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
Procedure for Downloading the PDF (Docx) Material
Prevalence of Pregnancy Induced Hypertension in Women Attending Antenatal Clinic at Primary Health Care Clinics in Badikkko, Kaduna South can be downloaded by requesting the full set of materials at the project or seminar cost. The document will be sent via Microsoft Word (MS-Word) format via WhatsApp (e-mail) following payment confirmation.
| Seminar Material Cost ₦3,000 | Project Material Cost ₦5,000 |
Request Complete Material
 | Click here to request the Complete Material via WhatsApp including;
|
TABLE OF CONTENTSPRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Background …
- ⋮
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Conceptual Review
- 2.3 Theoretical Framework
- ⋮
- 2.4 Empirical Studies
- 2.5 Research Gaps
- 2.6 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Research Design
- 3.3 Population of Study
- 3.4 Sampling and Sampling Technique
- 3.5 Validation of Research Instrument
- 3.6 Method of Data Collection
- 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
- 3.8 Questionnaire Administration
- 3.9 Ethical Consideration
- 3.10 Statistical Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS, RESULT AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data
- 4.3 Re-statement of Research Questions
- 4.4 Test of Hypotheses
- 4.5 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary of Findings
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
- 5.5 Suggestion for Further Study
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A - “QUESTIONNAIRE”
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Prevalence of Pregnancy Induced Hypertension in Women Attending Antenatal Clinic" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
PRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Background …
- ⋮
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Conceptual Review
- 2.3 Theoretical Framework
- ⋮
- 2.4 Empirical Studies
- 2.5 Research Gaps
- 2.6 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Research Design
- 3.3 Population of Study
- 3.4 Sampling and Sampling Technique
- 3.5 Validation of Research Instrument
- 3.6 Method of Data Collection
- 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
- 3.8 Questionnaire Administration
- 3.9 Ethical Consideration
- 3.10 Statistical Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS, RESULT AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data
- 4.3 Re-statement of Research Questions
- 4.4 Test of Hypotheses
- 4.5 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary of Findings
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
- 5.5 Suggestion for Further Study
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A - “QUESTIONNAIRE”
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Prevalence of Pregnancy Induced Hypertension in Women Attending Antenatal Clinic" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Can the material for “The Economy Impact of the Deregulation of the Telecommunication Industry in Nigeria” be used as a guide for Economics Project?
Yes it can be used — In this research work, we considered “The Economy impact of the deregulation of the Telecommunication Industry in Nigeria”. Our major concentration was on the Nigeria market because Telecommunication is a very broad research topic. This project has helped us know that deregulating the Telecom sector has contributed immensely to the Nigeria Economy positively. In order to get this, we looked at deregulation in the real sense, what deregulating the telecom sector means and its impact on the economy. A descriptive method was employed in looking at this topic based on the usefulness in accomplishing a task. This findings revealed that the economy has been affected positively through the deregulation of the telecommunication sector in Nigeria, and has led to nation. …
Is the topic “Design and Implementation of Electrical / Electronics Department Website” recommended for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — For a long time, the department of Electrical/Electronic of this college has not had a website with guaranteed continuity. Several students in past had made attempts to achieve this but all to no avail. Eventually, with the implementation of this project,the department now has a functional website. The Website User Interface is designed using the elements of HTML,CSS and Bootstrap, while the functionality is done using PHP. The web application simply updates the database by uploading a formatted CSV file through querying of MYSQL. The website uses some special CSS features and jquery to achieve responsiveness. In addition, the web application obtains useful information from the commondata. By the time it is fully implemented, it would have solved several problems and created …
Can the material for “Audience Perception of Poor Television Reportage of Domestic Violence Against Men in Anambra” be used as a guide for Education Project?
Yes it can be used — From the international and local media one reads much attention is not given to domestic violence against men, while this is prevalent on daily basis. This study however is limited to cases of domestic violence in Nigeria. The article considers the concept of domestic violence incorporating the forms and causes of domestic violence. The implication and negative effects of this vice on different members of the society is highlighted in the study and poor media coverage of this social vices against men. The study concludes by suggesting possible remedies to the abnormality of domestic violence. It is hoped that this article will help in no small way to bring about a reduction in cases of domestic violence not only in …
Can the material for “The Role of Community Health Administration and Rural Development” be used as a guide for Community Health Project?
Yes it can be used — This project work on the importance of community health administration and rural development was carried out to find out the importance community health administration in rural development and what are the adverse health implications when the community involvement is very minimal. It also try to find out what factors are responsible for its ineffectiveness during its implementation. While it also took a look at the method best suited for the checkmating and control of all factors and conditions that adversely affects the administration. However, this project is divided into five(5) chapters, the chapter one gives a general overview of the topic, which includes background overview of the topic, which includes background of study historical background of study area, statement of …
Can this topic “Metabolizable Energy Values of Dried Leaves of Cassava (Manihot Esculenta), Siam Weed (Vernoma Amygdalina), and Bitter Leaf (Chromolaena Odorata) for Broiler Chickens” be used for Animal Science Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — A study was conducted to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) value of dried leaves of cassava (Manihot esculenta), siam weed (Vernoma amygdalina)and bitter leaf (Chromolaena odorata). In determining the ME values, the substitution method was adopted and the basal diet which was a standard broiler finisher diet containing about 3000Kcal/kg ME and about 20.0% crude protein (CP) constituted the diet 1. In diet 2,3,4, Siam weed leaf meal (SLM), Bitter leaf meal (BLM) and cassava leaf meal (CLM) replaced 20% of the basal diet (that is 80% basal + 20% leaf meal). Birds (6 weeks old) were placed in metabolic cages for collection of excreta. Excreta was collected from each replicate for three consecutive days, weighed, dried and analyzed. …
Can the material for “Problems of Personnel Management in Public Organization (Institute of Management and Technology (IMT), Enugu)” be used as a guide for Personnel Management Project?
Yes it can be used — The problems and prospects of personnel management as one may understand it have been in existence for quite a long time. It has simply been caused by some factors such as lack of adequate motivation. Lack of performance appraisal, (able of man power program, training and development. This project therefore, will serve as a remainder to the problems of personnel in the private sector which is still till this moment eating deep into the fabric of our organization. The research for the above assertion has been that the personnel does not manage the human resources effectively and it has been disastrous because the personnel department of an organization is the rock amongst all other resources. The personnel staffs of an …
Is the topic “Effect of Good Filing System on Productivity of a Secretary” recommended for Office Technology and Management (OTM) Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — Secretarial documents are filled in order to retain them in good condition, for record purpose and to survey them for effective, detailed investigation of information management for easy retrieval. The study was carried out to investigate the Effect of Good Filing System on Productivity of a Secretary using Staff Personnel in Federal Polytechnic Nekede, Owerri (FPNO) as a case study. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to determine the efficiency and effectiveness of the system and classification in use and identify the type of filing classification adopted by senior staff personnel Department of the FPNO. The research design used in this report is descriptive design, utilizing questionnaire method to obtain information from the respondents for …
Can the material for “Design and Implementation of an Online Library Stock Control System” be used as a guide for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it can be used — A library management system software package is designed especially to handle book-keeping tasks and students entry and exits period. The aim of this study is to design software that will Design and implement an Online Library Stock Control System. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to Control the inflow and outflow of stock/materials in the library, store books using IDs assigned to each book, assist in the management and record library stocks and give account of borrowed and un borrowed books. The motivation that led to the implementation of the proposed system is as a result of poor determination books due and overdue, lack of comprehensive database for book stocked in the library and verifiable …
Can this topic “Automated School Fees Payment and Receipt Generation System” be used for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — The study focuses on developing an automated school fees payment system for Anglican Girls Grammar school, which was hatched due to the lack of a suitable IT based solution to fees processes in the school. The aim of this study is to develop an automated school fees payment system for Anglican Girls Grammar School that will aid in managing all school fees payments. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to develop a web based school fees payment system available for students and sponsors wherever their location, design a system that will generate invoices at the beginning of each term and facilitates fees payment keeping a record of all the transactions done by the student and …
Can the material for “Factors Militating Against Effective Teaching and Learning of Business Studies in Some Junior Secondary School” be used as a guide for Education Project?
Yes it can be used — This study is on factors militating against effective teaching and learning of business studies in some junior secondary school. The total population for the study is 200 staff of selected secondary schools in Nsukka educational zone Enugu state. The researcher used questionnaires as the instrument for the data collection. Descriptive Survey research design was adopted for this study. A total of 133 respondents made up principals, vice principals administration, senior staff and junior staff was used for the study. The data collected were presented in tables and analyzed using simple percentages and frequencies …