PREVALENCE OF MULTIDRUG RESISTANT LIVESTOCK ASSOCIATED STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ISOLATED FROM NASAL PASSAGE OF HEALTHY CATTLE
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background to the Study
Cattle are large bodied ruminants that feed on pastures and forages or fodder. In Nigeria, cattle are reared primarily for meat which is a veritable source of protein for humans, and for milk (Arowolo et al., 2013). Cattle rearing in Nigeria is an old occupation which is traditionally practiced by Fulanis and Shuwa Arabs in northern Nigeria with an extremely few local villages in the southern Nigeria (Erebor, 2003).
In people, the diseases brought on by S. aureus can be partitioned into these three sorts in general; shallow sores, (for example, surgical site and wound contaminations), life and systemic undermining factors, (for example, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, pneumonia, mind abscesses/wounds, bacteraemia and meningitis), then toxinoses, (for example, poisonous stun disorder, sustenance harming and singed skin disorder (Alo et al., 2013; Aires de Sousa et al., 2004; Lowy, 2003). The sign of staphylococcal contamination are the boils that contain discharge which is made up of dead neutrophils, dead and living microbes, tissue (necrotic), the lysed host substance and bacterial cells.
The immunocompetent hosts, as a rule, effectively clear the disease and deplete the ulcer, though for the immunocompromised and sporadically for a sound individual, the contamination might advance to a more profound tissues and turn into a conceivably lethal intrusive contamination (Norvick, 2006). S. aureus is likewise known to colonize and contaminate both pets and animals, including pooches, felines, rabbits, stallions, steers and pigs (Morgan, 2008). A noteworthy concern is the nearness of methicillin safe S. aureus (MRSA) in pets and domesticated animals, as these may fill in as repositories for human colonization, an illustration is MRSA ST398 from pigs (Weese, 2010).
One purpose behind the proceeding with essential part of S. aureus in illness is its inclination and propensity to wind up distinctly impervious to antimicrobial (Waldvogel, 2000). S. aureus is presently the main general reason for nosocomial diseases and, as more patients are dealt with outside the healing center setting, is an expanding worry in the group (CDC NNIS System, 2001; Diekema, 2001).
The time of medication development and its execution in human and creature wellbeing and horticulture was started by the revelation of anti-infection agents over 70 years prior. These disclosures were powerful against organisms consequently were viewed as effective against pathogenic microorganisms however this achievement was fleeting as they were tempered with in all cases by the rise of resistant microorganisms (D’Costa et al., 2011). A standout amongst the most relentless issues confronted by human services benefits far and wide is the expanding pervasiveness of antimicrobial resistance. This resistance is broadly perceived as a noteworthy general wellbeing danger and this issue is aggravated by a consistent reducing of the quantity of new specialists (antimicrobials) entering the clinical practice (D.H, 2000).
There is an expanding worry that some less-alarming infections which were effortlessly treated are currently turning out to be progressively hard to treat and ailments created by microscopic organisms which are impervious to antimicrobial agents may set aside a more drawn out time of opportunity to treat successfully (Butler et al., 2006). In spite of the fact that the issue of multidrug resistance has pulled in the consideration of medicinal services administrations and the overall population, rates of antimicrobial resistance among healing center and group pathogens have expanded alarmingly amid the previous decade (NNIS, 2001).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
In Nigeria, cattle are reared primarily as a source of meat. According to Kuehnert et al. (2006), Lowy (1998, 2003), Onanuga & Temedie (2011), Vandenbergh & Verbrugh (1999), Williams (1963), the nares and the skin of humans and animals may be considered as ecological niche for S. aureus colonization but this colonization does not frequently result into infection thereby tagging the bacterium a normal flora of these body parts. S. aureus colonizes the nares and the skin but if there is an abrasion, lesion or wound in these parts, S. aureus may migrate into the body or blood and cause infections.
These infections are called opportunistic (staphylococcal) infections. Compared to other pathogens, S. aureus has a high tendency and proneness to become resistant to antimicrobials (Weese, 2010). This fact, coupled with the constant abuse of drugs and lack of control in the sales of antibiotics contributes to the increasing problem in multidrug resistance of S. aureus including methicillin and vancomycin which is considered as the first line of treatment against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Cuny et al. (2015), Fluit (2012), Johnson (2011) and Morgan (2008) established that methicillin resistant S. aureus (a multidrug resistant organism) may not only be a nosocomial and community acquired infection but it could also be a zoonotic infection as it can be transmitted from animal to human.
The presence of multidrug resistant S. aureus in the nares of cattle poses a threat to cattle herders, butchers, beef retailers/handlers and consumers as these cattle are frequently asymptomatic carriers hence are considered ‘healthy’. This study may evaluate the prevalence of multiple antibiotic resistant livestock associated S. aureus and suggest possible control to diseases caused by multiple antibiotic resistant livestock associated S. aureus.
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study
The main aim of the study is to evaluate the prevalence of multidrug resistant livestock associated S. aureus and suggest possible control to staphylococcal infections in humans caused by livestock associated S. aureus using the antibiogram of the isolates.
The specific objectives are to:
- Isolate and identify S. aureus from nasal passage of healthy cattle by Gram staining and biochemical tests (catalase test, slide coagulase test and fermentation of mannitol);
- Determine the antibiogram of the isolates and calculate the Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index (M.A.R.I) using the antibiogram of the isolates;
- Determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (µg/disc) of the S. aureus isolates to vancomycin;
- Determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (µg/ml) of the isolates to flucloxacillin as a test for methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin
- Determine the synergistic, antagonistic or additive effect of two antibiotics to suggest possible control of staphylococcal infections in human caused by multidrug resistant livestock associated S. aureus.
1.4 Research Questions
The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:
- Can S. aureus be isolated and identified from nasal passage of healthy cattle?
- How is the antibibiogram of S. aureus isolates determined and how are the Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index of the isolates calculated using the antibiogram of the isolates?
- How is the minimum inhibitory concentration (µg/disc) of S. aureus determined?
- How is the minimum inhibitory concentration (µg/ml) of S. aureus isolated from nasal passage of healthy cattle to flucloxacillin and vancomycin determined?
- Are the effects of the combined antibiotics synergistic, additive or antagonistic?
1.5 Significance of the Study
The following are the significance of this study:
- This result may create more awareness on the danger of multidrug resistant S. aureus in ruminant flocks.
- This result may educate the general public on the effect of negligence of multidrug resistant S. aureus in cattle and its effect in the consumption of undercooked beef.
- The result may suggest possible control of staphylococcal infections in humans caused by livestock associated S. aureus.
1.6 Justification for the Study
The study may provide a more recent data on multiple antibiotic resistant S. aureus and suggest possible control of livestock associated staphylococcal infections in human.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
Procedure for Downloading the PDF (Docx) Material
Prevalence of Multidrug Resistant Livestock Associated Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated From Nasal Passage of Healthy Cattle can be downloaded by requesting the full set of materials at the project or seminar cost. The document will be sent via Microsoft Word (MS-Word) format via WhatsApp (e-mail) following payment confirmation.
| Seminar Material Cost ₦3,000 | Project Material Cost ₦5,000 |
Request Complete Material
 | Click here to request the Complete Material via WhatsApp including;
|
TABLE OF CONTENTSPRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.0 Introduction
- 1.1 Background …
- ⋮
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- ⋮
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
- 3.1 Introduction
- ⋮
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Results
- â‹®
- 4.3 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
REFERENCES
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Prevalence of Multidrug Resistant Livestock Associated Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated From Nasal Passage of Healthy Cattle" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
PRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.0 Introduction
- 1.1 Background …
- ⋮
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- ⋮
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
- 3.1 Introduction
- ⋮
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Results
- â‹®
- 4.3 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
REFERENCES
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Prevalence of Multidrug Resistant Livestock Associated Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated From Nasal Passage of Healthy Cattle" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Can the material for “Linkage Between Employee Satisfaction and Loyalty to the Hotel Industry” be used as a guide for Human Resource Management (HRM) Project?
Yes it can be used — This project is on the linkage between employee satisfaction and loyalty to the hotel industry. Most of the hotel industries now a day face many difficulties in making their employees satisfied. So they are failed to find out the reasons that made their workers satisfied and loyal. This study includes different variables of employee satisfaction and 3 variables of employee’s loyalty. Three variables of loyalty include employee service, future of employee in the company, employee recommendation in the company. The study also shows the loyalty of employees in hotel industry in Pakistan. Results of the study show a relationship between the said variables. The other variables as like relation of employee with boss, performance appraisal, the situation and place of working, …
Can the material for “Impact of Exchange Rate Changes on Non-Oil Exports in Nigeria” be used as a guide for Industrial Relations and Personnel Management (IRPM) Project?
Yes it can be used — The study investigates the impact of exchange rate changes on non-oil export in Nigeria between 1970 and 2014, using Nigeria time series data; The study examines the significant role of exchange rate and inflation on non-oil export of the economy which other studies might have ignore; In achieving the objectives of this study, Ordinary Least Square methods involving Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF), unit roots test of stationarity, were applied; The result shows that exchange rate and inflation have no significant impact on non-oil export whereas trade openness have a positive relationship with non-oil export, which shows that trade openness increases non-oil export in Nigeria; This study amongst others encourages the government to strengthen the legislative and supervisory framework of non-oil sectors in …
Can the material for “Impact of Internet Advertising on Consumers’ Purchase Decision” be used as a guide for Business Administration and Management (BAM) Project?
Yes it can be used — The use of online advertisement in Nigerian market is increasing and businesses are more and more considering the internet as a source of marketing communication. However, few studies have considered the factors that influence online buyer’s decision when Nigeria is considered. Thus, the main objective of this study was to examine the factors that contribute to the effectiveness of online advertisements and how they affect consumers’ buying decision. JUMIA online shopping company was selected as the study organization. The targeted population was the entire students of University of Lagos, Akoka campus who must have at any time visited JUMIA online shopping platforms to make purchase. The method of carrying out the study was based on survey design. A total number …
Can the material for “Implementation of Sorting Algorithms” be used as a guide for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it can be used — This research work took theoretical and empirical studies that have been done over the past years on sorting algorithms and its variants. The study includes a comparative sorting algorithms (i.e. Bubble sort, shell sort, straight insertion sort quick sort, simple sort etc.) the same criteria such as coding memory space used meaning efficiency as in the time used by the computer argument on the number of comparison. Data flow diagrams and process to evaluate the performance of these sorting techniques. The programming language used to implement these sorting algorithms is BASIC. The various chapter in this research work is logically arranged to reflect in each stage in the research process, the adopting chapters ranges from introduction literature review, systems investigation/analysis, system …
Can the material for “Heamatological Parameters of Red Sokoto Dry Doe” be used as a guide for Animal Science Project?
Yes it can be used — Haematological parameters and its knowledge can be used to assess the health as well as the physiological status of farm animals under consideration. Investigation reveals the following Heamatological Parameters of Red Sokoto Dry Doe problems of the research work; insufficient information for the examination of haematological values of sokoto red female deers fed urea treated maize stover and graded levels of Balanites aegyptiaca leaves, improper analysis of the biochemical parameters of haematological, lack of information relating to the chemical composition of experiment Dry Doe feeds, and insufficient information and facilities to carry out the experimental process of Dry Doe feeds. The aim of the study is to analyze the Heamatological Parameters of Red Sokoto Dry Doe. In achieving this aim, …
Can this topic “Evaluation of the Secondary Distribution System's Reliability in Nigeria” be used for Electrical / Electronics Engineering (EE) Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — The study was conducted to evaluate the Secondary Distribution Systems Reliability in Nigeria. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to determine the reliability of each component in the substation system and examine the overall reliability of the distribution substation. Investigation revealed that there is unavailability of power supply to customers which occur several times a day and sometimes for weeks and in worst cases for months. Reliable electricity supply has become an important part of the electric power system along with the mutual benefits of power utility companies and the consumers. In most cases, it is the sustained interruptions that greatly affect both the utility company and its customers. Hence, it is necessary to find …
Can this topic “A Study of Factors Affecting Construction Cost Performance in Nigerian Construction Sites” be used for Building Technology (BT) Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — The study was carried out to assess the Factors Affecting Construction Cost Performance in Nigerian Construction Sites using low-rise buildings in Nairobi Central Business District as a case study. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to determine the influence of cost of materials on the performance of construction projects in Nigeria and establish the influence of quality management on the performance of construction projects in Nigeria. Investigation revealed that maintaining steady cost projection on construction projects had been an issue of serious concern, both to the client and project contractors. Cost deviation from initial Cost plan, had been prevalent on Construction sites. However, little or no efforts has made to curtail the phenomenon, it is …
Is the topic “A Systemic Functional Analysis of English Mood System in Selected Dramatic Texts” recommended for English Language Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — The research is titled: A Systemic Functional Analysis of English Mood System in Selected Dramatic Texts. The study seeks to investigate the extent to which Shaw‘s and Osofisan‘s choices and thestructures of the elements of mood system in their texts, Arms and the Man and Women of Owu affect their abilities to express the interpersonal meanings they set out to convey. The work specifically sets out to analyse the structures of mood system in independent clauses equivalent to simple sentences, identify their types, and indicate whether there is a substantial difference in the ways Shaw, a playwright from Ireland where English language is generally used as the first language and Osofisan, a playwright from Nigeria where English is used as …
Can the material for “Influence of Ethanol Extract of Dennettiatripetalaon Liver and Kidney Antioxidant Enzyme Activity and Malondialdehyde Concentration of Albino Wistar Rats” be used as a guide for Biochemistry Project?
Yes it can be used — The effect of ethanol extract of Dennettiatripetala on rats exposed to carbon tetrachloride was investigated. Ethanol extract of the plant was prepared using standard procedure. Sets of 30 female wistar albino rats were divided into 6 groups containing five animals each and were treated orally with increasing doses of ethanol extract of Dennettiatripetala for two weeks. CCl4 was diluted with olive oil in a 1:1 ratio and administered once by oral route at the end of the extract administration. Results from the study showed non- significant decreases in the levels of catalase and SOD activities (P>0.05) in the CCl4 group compared to the control. The extract treatment however produced a higher activity for the antioxidant enzymes compared to the CCl4treated …
Can the material for “Design and Implementation of a Computer Based Editing System for News Broadcasts” be used as a guide for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it can be used — News Editing is the process of preparing language, News, for presentation to the audience, through correction, condensation, organization and other modification. The aim of this study is to design a new system that will surpass the existing system in reviewing, detecting, correction, and summarization of reports. The motivation that led to the implementation of the proposed system is that poor identification of errors in the reports, and organizational reports are not orderly manner for presentation to the audience. Other motivation issues are outline at the statement of problems section. The methodology adopted in this study is the object oriented analysis and design methodology (OOADM) which is a technical approach for analyzing and designing an application or system by applying object throughout …