POLLUTION PROBLEMS AND AN ENGINEERING APPROACH TO THE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS
ABSTRACT
The study determines the Pollution Problems and an Engineering Approach to the Management and Control of Industrial Effluent using Oyato Bakery in Akure as a case study. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to assess of the industrial waste management capability of the treatment facilities of selected industries, determine the dilution power and self- recovery ability of a purposively in Oyato Bakery in Akure after receiving industrial effluents, use an existing model to determine the ability of the selected receiving stream to recover from the environmental impacts of the industrial activities, and determine the treatability of the effluents and recommend an engineering solution to the impacts. The research analyzed the effluent discharges from all industries along the river for priority pollutants such as BOD, COD, TDS, TSS, and Heavy metals using standard methods. The effluent samples were obtained and compared with river water samples before and after receiving waste loads in the dry and wet seasons. Model result was interfaced with geographical information systems (GIS) for clear display of model outcome to demarcate polluted zones, limnographic points and wetlands of the Atuwara watershed. Existing literature showed that there has been no detailed scientific and engineering study of industrial impact on the rivers in Akure Industrial Zones. Presently there exists a global focus on sustainable consumption and production activities by industries. There is the need therefore to determine conformity by the industries with the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) of Nigeria other national and international regulations. The findings of this work will be useful to Engineers in the design and management of industrial wastes.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
The creation of polluted industrial effluents usually results from a decision to use water in industry to evacuate unwanted waste. Many industrial processes necessarily require large quantities of water with the resultant large volumes of waste water production. Industrial effluent contamination of natural water bodies has emerged as a major challenge in developing and densely populated countries like Nigeria. Estuaries and inland water bodies, which are the major sources of drinking water in Nigeria, are often contaminated by the activities of the adjoining populations and industrial establishments (Sangodoyin, 1995).
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.
1.2 Background of Study
Water is life and the quality and adequacy of water is an essential measure of the quality of life or rather the existence of life. Consequently water quality management is (or should be) one of the most important activities of mankind, so as to protect and save human life. The management of water quality, or the protection of the aquatic ecosystem in a broader sense, means the control of pollution. Water pollution originates from point and non-point (diffuse) sources and is mostly anthropogenic activities. A crucial aspect in the series of complex activities of planning and implementing water pollution control actions is the quantitative determination and description of the relationship between human activities and the state of the aquatic system.
Planning and management activities require the assessment of hydraulic and water quality conditions often beyond the range of observed field data. In this context, both hydraulic and water quality models need be made that are general enough to (1) describe observed conditions and (2) predict planning scenarios that may be substantially different from observed conditions. In stream water pollution control the main objective is to assess if the system complies with the maximum pollutant release allowed from point and non-point source pollution, so that pollutant levels in the receiving streams meet water quality standards. Water quality models for in − stream water pollution control have been calibrated and verified with data collected prior to model development during surveys designed to check basin wide water quality for regulatory compliance (Radwan et al, 2003).
Therefore, in Akure where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the Pollution Problems and an Engineering Approach to the Management and Control of Industrial Effluent.
1.3 Statement of Problem
A lot of environmental degradation is generated during the planning, developmental stage including construction and final occupation of engineering projects.
The problems include deforestation, land and water pollution, and contamination of ground water, poor environmental sanitation, poorly planned road network, air and noise pollution, destruction of natural food chain, toxicity and radioactivity within the eco-system, etc. Others are:
- Rapidly increasing generation of industrial effluents and discharge into the available water courses
- Increasing difficulty of industries to comply and meet regional and national water quality standards and limits
- Increasing occurrence of water- borne diseases as a result of pollutions from indiscriminate industrial effluents discharge into water courses
- Deterioration of water quality standards and its effects on water supply, aquatic ecosystems and public health due to river pollution in populated areas
- Service delivery standards: Many existing national environmental standards and environmental management practices are based on those developed in industrialized countries, under conditions totally different from those existing in developing countries.
These standards are often inappropriate, even where they are in theory appropriate they often cannot be applied due to high cost.
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to determine the Pollution Problems and an Engineering Approach to the Management and Control of Industrial Effluent using Oyato Bakery in Akure as a case study. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To assess of the industrial waste management capability of the treatment facilities of selected industries.
- To determine the dilution power and self- recovery ability of a purposively in Oyato Bakery in Akure after receiving industrial effluents.
- To use an existing model to determine the ability of the selected receiving stream to recover from the environmental impacts of the industrial activities.
- To determine the treatability of the effluents and recommend an engineering solution to the impacts.
1.5 Significance of Study
Existing literature showed that there has been no detailed scientific and engineering study of industrial impact on the rivers in Akure Industrial Zones. Presently there exists a global focus on sustainable consumption and production activities by industries. There is the need therefore to determine conformity by the industries with the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) of Nigeria other national and international regulations. The findings of this work will be useful to Engineers in the design and management of industrial wastes.
1.6 Scope of Study
The study focuses on the Pollution Problems and an Engineering Approach to the Management and Control of Industrial Effluent using Oyato Bakery in Akure as a case study.
1.7 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
- Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet).
1.8 Definition of Terms
Industrial Pollution: Is a very broad category of pollution resulting from manufacturing activities. Industrial pollution can be in the form of air pollution, water pollution or solid and hazardous wastes.
Industrial Wastes: Industrial and radioactive waste from chemical plants and nuclear power plants includes potentially dangerous substances such as petro-chloro-benzene (PCBs), tributylin (TBT), organo-chlorides, heavy metals (HMs), acidic wastes, radioactive caesium and plutonium 239,(Falconer ,1990).
Industrial Effluent: These are partially treated or untreated wastewater discharges from industries. It is normally unacceptable to discharge untreated industrial wastewater direct to rivers, land or disposal down mineshafts wells etc. Gaseous discharges from stacks are also part of industrial effluent.
Industrial Wastewater Management: This is the process that ensures the minimization of wastewater production for recovery and reuse. The recovery and reuse of wastewater in an economic way enable the cost of wastewater treatment to be minimized.
Water Quality: A term used to describe the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water, usually in respect to its suitability for a particular purpose.
Mathematical Model: Mathematical models are useful instruments in the survey of computer systems. It is not possible to survey the many components and their reactions in an ecological system without the use of mathematical models as synthesis tool. Mathematical models can be used to reveal dynamic system properties. They revealed gaps in knowledge on ecological systems and can therefore be used to set up research priorities as an idealized formulation that represents the response of a physical system to external stimuli.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
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