NIGERIAN FOREIGN POLICY UNDER GENERAL IBRAHIM BADAMOSI BABANGIDA
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1.1. Background Of The Study
Africa as noted by Chaplan (1966:376), “is an important strategic arena in contemporary world politics”. Osuntokun (1999:19) argues further “being the most populous black country in the world, Nigeria is being compelled to shoulder willingly and unwillingly the leadership of the black world. This led to Nigeria’s feeling that she had a responsibility far beyond her borders as noted by Joe Nanven Garba…” In all our dealings with international organisations we are guided not by selfish national interests, but a high sense of responsibility and concern for countries (particularly in Africa) whose needs in some respect are greater than ours”.
Ambassador Jolaoso stated further that Africa has always been the centre-piece of Nigeria’s foreign policy, with West Africa being the most crucial sector of this piece. He further stated that since foreign policy, represents the initiatives or responses by a country to issues which directly affect the interest of the country to that extent, it is related to the domestic as well as the international system.
Aghahowa (2007:59) posits that “the nature of man compels interaction and mutual dependence. According to him, man cannot survive in isolation, therefore, the associational tendencies of man manifest locally, nationally and globally.
Nigeria’s understanding of her leadership position in Africa compelled Prime Minister Tafawa Balewa to declare while answering questions on Africa’s involvement in the cold war:
“We shall make every effort to bring them together so that having been made aware of the danger we may find a way to unite our efforts and prevent Africa from becoming an area of crises and world tension”.
Nigeria in the African continent belongs to the global world of interdependence. Its relations externally can best be illustrated thus:
“If you drive a ford Escort, chances are that your transmission was made in Japan, your wiring in Taiwan, your door lift assembly in Brazil, your steering gears in Britain, and assorted other parts elsewhere?.
A states foreign policy is not operated in a vacuum.
How far has Nigeria been able to carry out this rather uneasy responsibility and what have been the obstacles to Nigeria’s proclaimed position as “the giant of Africa?”
It is the position of this research paper, therefore, to examine Nigeria’s foreign policy over the years and General Ibrahim Babangida’s era vis-à-vis development in the International system.
According to Mr. Kunle Adeyemi of the Ministry of External Affairs, Nigeria as a result of her size, status and economic potential has a number of corresponding responsibilities she cannot shy away from. This responsibility is more significant considering that one of every five African is a Nigerian while one of every six black persons is a Nigerian. This in fact is the basis of Nigeria’s historical responsibility to Africa and the black diaspora.
The foreign policy of Nigeria as a merchant state was to consolidate traditional external market for Nigeria’s cash crops, establishing favourable conditions for attracting foreign participation in the economy and then of course, adopting an international image required to attract and sustain the good will of foreign friends and donors.
According to Vital (1968:100) “while foreign policy traditionally speak of a well planned action as that most foreign policy behaviour of states shift from the general to certain specifics, because of the exigencies of time”. He further stated that, the realities of states behaviour decisions and policies being formulated in a disjointed fashion, largely in response to immediate pressures and event in a number of separate structures and issue areas. The resume here is that, while long term planning characterizes foreign policy of developed nations, majority of the developing countries like Nigeria deal with issues as they arise/approach.
While presenting a paper on Nigeria’s foreign policy at the National Institute for Policy and Strategic Studies (NPSS) Kuru, Jos, Dr. A. Gana asserts that imperialism is the major obstacle to the realisation of Nigeria’s foreign policy practice negates her foreign policy principles because of her flirtation with imperialism and that, despite Nigeria’s non-aligned foreign policy posture, she is closely aligned to the West.
The many facets of Nigeria’s foreign policy to a given extent is influenced by the nature of its population. In the old era, nation’s power was calculated by its population. This was so because it determined the strength of nations particularly its influence on the number of mobilisable people for wars. Nigeria’s large population of more than 140 million people is attractive to the foreign merchant class. A commitment to non-alignment inspite of a pronounced pro-western streak as well as strong Afro-centrism and was not merely on orientation, it was also seen especially from the 1970’s as a national call for leadership of the Africa continent.
To some extent, this was backed up by certain notable foreign policy achievement in the areas of liberation of Africa from the shackles of colonialism, the anti apartheid struggle, the formation of the Organisation of African Unity, now African Union and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and of course, Nigeria’s leadership role in various areas of international economic relations as they affect the African continent. One significant area where Nigeria displayed decisive involvement in the fratricidal war in Liberia is the initiative of Babangida that informed the ECOMOG operation in Liberia. This was of course a reflection of many interests and values. Again, General Babangida came up with Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) in 1986
1.2. Statement Of The Problem
It is evident that there is a general dissatisfaction with the conduct of Nigeria’s foreign policy. However, in the conduct of Nigeria’s foreign policy, there is an over emphasis on subjective factors. In this light, Nigeria’s foreign policy under General Babangida became problematic because of the level of Nigeria involvement in Regional issues. Many people viewed the ECOMOG operation as an undue disobedience of the international law of non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries by the mediation committee members of ECOWAS and Nigeria in particular. This Babangida initiative has been criticised by many Nigerians because of the scale of involvement, particularly in a period of economic crisis, and more so when “Economic Diplomacy” became the major stand of foreign policy.
1.3 Objective Of The Study
This research work is mainly seeking to do the following:
- Examine the background of Nigeria foreign policy of the post independence era.
- Analysing the foreign policy of Babangida’s regime and the factors responsible for its style and orientation.
- Identify the political and economic implications of Babangida’s foreign policy for the country.
- Examine the relationship between dictatorship and foreign policy orientation.
- Suggest lasting solutions for purposeful and result oriented foreign policy formulation and implementation.
1.4 Research Propositions / Hypothesis
for the purpose of this study, the following propositions are generated:
That the nation’s external image was an attempt at asserting Nigeria’s presence and importance in the sub-region.
That 5 members ECOWAS standing mediation committees was sponsored by General Babangida through the Banjul Summit to deal with the Liberian crisis.
That Nigeria’s extra-continental interference and interventions became an urgent necessity, and indeed a responsibility.
1.5 Significance Of Study
The major significance of this study is that it will examine and highlight the reasons behind the foreign policy of General Babangida. It will also suggest some ideas on how political leaders can manage crisis to avoid repeating mistakes of the past. The research also hopes to contribute to the academic literature on Nigeria’s foreign policy through a coverage of a turbulent period in Nigeria recent history.
1.6 Scope And Delimitations Of Study
While acknowledging the myriad of problems posed by the spectacle of the foreign policy of Nigeria towards other countries, this research limits itself to the issue of the Nigeria’s foreign policy.
Thus, for a time frame, we locate our research from 1985 to 1993 in order to achieve an objective, unbiased and elaborate analysis of Nigeria’’ foreign policy under General Babangida.
1.7 Research Methodology
The analysis of this study will be based on historical analysis, using secondary data.
Historical analysis is necessarily employed because we must look at the past in order to best appreciate and analyze the present and where, if necessary, predict the future analysis of secondary data will be useful in this regard.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
Procedure for Downloading the PDF (Docx) Material
Nigerian Foreign Policy Under General Ibrahim Badamosi Babangida can be downloaded by requesting the full set of materials at the project or seminar cost. The document will be sent via Microsoft Word (MS-Word) format via WhatsApp (e-mail) following payment confirmation.
| Seminar Material Cost ₦3,000 | Project Material Cost ₦5,000 |
Request Complete Material
 | Click here to request the Complete Material via WhatsApp including;
|
TABLE OF CONTENTSPRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- ⋮
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Conceptual Review
- 2.3 Theoretical Framework
- ⋮
- 2.4 Empirical Studies
- 2.5 Research Gaps
- 2.6 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Research Design
- 3.3 Population of Study
- 3.4 Sampling and Sampling Technique
- 3.5 Validation of Research Instrument
- 3.6 Method of Data Collection
- 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
- 3.8 Questionnaire Administration
- 3.9 Ethical Consideration
- 3.10 Statistical Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS, RESULT AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data
- 4.3 Re-statement of Research Questions
- 4.4 Test of Hypotheses
- 4.5 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary of Findings
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
- 5.5 Suggestion for Further Study
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A - “QUESTIONNAIRE”
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Nigerian Foreign Policy Under General Ibrahim Badamosi Babangida" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
PRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- ⋮
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Conceptual Review
- 2.3 Theoretical Framework
- ⋮
- 2.4 Empirical Studies
- 2.5 Research Gaps
- 2.6 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Research Design
- 3.3 Population of Study
- 3.4 Sampling and Sampling Technique
- 3.5 Validation of Research Instrument
- 3.6 Method of Data Collection
- 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
- 3.8 Questionnaire Administration
- 3.9 Ethical Consideration
- 3.10 Statistical Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS, RESULT AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data
- 4.3 Re-statement of Research Questions
- 4.4 Test of Hypotheses
- 4.5 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary of Findings
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
- 5.5 Suggestion for Further Study
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A - “QUESTIONNAIRE”
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Nigerian Foreign Policy Under General Ibrahim Badamosi Babangida" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Can the material for “The Effects of TV Adverts on Children” be used as a guide for Mass Communication (MC) Project?
Yes it can be used — The study was carried out to investigate the Effects of TV Adverts on Children. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to determine the extent to which the child’s practices behaviours acquired from viewing TV adverts and determine the role of TV adverts in the child’s socialization. Investigation revealed that lack of parental control on television viewing habit of the primary school children and poor creation of awareness of time for those programmes made for children viewing by the media houses. Also, constant viewing of adverts in television that are specially made for adult influence children moral life. The research design used in this report is descriptive design, utilizing questionnaire method to obtain information from the …
Can the material for “Mixed Infection Effects of Fusariumoxysporum and the Meloidogyne Incognita on the Growth and Performance of a Resistant and a Susceptible Tomato Plant” be used as a guide for Biology Project?
Yes it can be used — A pot experiment were undertaken to ascertain possible mixed infection effects involving Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum on the growth and performance on a resistant and a susceptible tomato plant. The Baermann method of nematode extraction was also used in getting the nematodes and analysis of raw data was carried out. Results revealed that both treatment (single and mixed) caused reduction in the various growth parameter on the susceptible tomato plant which were significant different as compared to its control. Simultaneous inoculations of both pathogens caused high reduction in the growth parameters but were not significantly different from either of the pathogen alone resulting in an antagonism interaction. On the resistant tomato plant there were no significant different on the number …
Can this topic “The Histopathological Effect of Neem Azadirachta (Dogoyora) Leaf on the Stomach of Wistar Rats” be used for Anatomy Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — Dogoyaro leaf is an herb known to have numerous health benefits and has been used for beauty regimes for thousands of years now. The study examines the histopathological effect of neem azadirachta (dogoyora) leaf on the stomach of wistar rats. In achieving this aim, the following objectives were set out to; determine the effects of Neem azadirachta (dogoyora) Leaf in wistar rat, provide information relating to the Special Precautions & Warnings of Neem Seeds, and determine the uses, function, benefit, and effectiveness of Neem Leaf. Neem leaves are well known not only for its medicinal properties but also for taking care of the environment. Investigation revealed the problems of the Histopathological Effect Of Neem Azadirachta (Dogoyora) Leaf On The Stomach …
Can this topic “Socio-Psychological Factors of Home Conflict as Predicators of Academic Performance” be used for Education Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — This study attempted to identify some socio psychological effects of conflict in the home on academic performances of students in some selected secondary schools in Alimosho, Lagos State. The research was based on random sampling of selected students and a total of 100 students were sampled comprising of 53 males and 47 females randomly selected from five secondary schools. The statistical analysis was carried out using Pearson Product Moment Correlation Co-efficient, questionnaires and achievement test were drawn to cottate primary information. Conclusion was made; it was observed that the family setting in other words home has a strong influence on the academics performances of the child which means that a child from a conflicting home tends to be affected sociopsychologically …
Can the material for “The Relationship Between Marital Satisfaction, Family Relation and Psychological Distress” be used as a guide for Agricultural Economics and Extension Project?
Yes it can be used — Marital satisfaction is no longer a given in today’s world, with different factors contributing to the poor marital quality experienced in most marriages. This study attempted to find out if there is any relationship between factors affecting marriages. Participants were chosen via purposive sampling, where married people were the intended target. Marital satisfaction, family relations and psychological distress were carefully examined to see if there is any relationship between them. Also, gender differences in marital satisfaction and psychological distress were also examined. The differences in reported marital satisfaction between old and young individuals were also examined, using a total sample size of 200 (N=200). Results showed that there were differences between males and females in psychological distress but not on marital …
Can the material for “The Role of Microfinance Bank in the Alleviation of Poverty in Nigeria” be used as a guide for Finance Project?
Yes it can be used — This study is an attempt to explore the immense role of the Microfinance banks in the alleviation of poverty in Nigeria. The research revealed that the rate at which rural dwellers deposit their money in their pillows rather than in microfinance banks is high. Data were collected through primary and secondary sources. As regards to data collection, primary sources, questionnaires, and interviews were use. The chi-square(x2) method was used for the analysis of data. Responses to the questionnaires were analysed using percentage method of analysis. Based on the findings of this study, an attempt to explain the role of micro-financing as stimulus to poverty alleviation in Nigeria may lack adequate knowledge of various financial transactions available and how the rural …
Can the material for “The Effect of Organizational Climate and Teachers’ Job Productivity in Selected Senior Secondary Schools” be used as a guide for Education Project?
Yes it can be used — The study attempted to examine the effect of organizational climate and teachers’ job productivity in selected senior secondary schools in Mainland Local Government Area of Lagos State, Nigeria. In this study, relevant and extensive literatures were reviewed under sub-headings. The descriptive research survey was used in the assessment of the opinions of the selected respondents with the adoption of the questionnaire and the sampling technique. A total of 100 (One Hundred) respondents were selected and used as participants for this study, the respondents were made up of (50 males and 50 females). A total of four null hypotheses were generated and used in this study using both the percentage frequency counts and the t-test statistical tools at 0.05 level of significance. …
Is the topic “Impact of Deprivation of Widows Inheritance Right by Their Husbands Relatives” recommended for Home Economics Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — Widow inheritance is a cultural and social practice whereby a widow is required to marry a male relative of her late husband, often his brother. The practice is more commonly referred as a levirate marriage, examples of which can be found in ancient and biblical times. The study was conducted to identify the impact of deprivation of widow inheritance right by their husband's relatives in Nsukka Local Government Area of Enugu State. The study employed the survey research design to elicit information on the impact of deprivation of widows’ inheritance right. The population of the study consisted of 669 widows from the five major town in Nsukka communities namely: Obukpa, Ovoko, Nsukka, Alor-uno, and Okwutu. Questionnaire was used as instrument …
Can the material for “Influence of Parents’ Occupation and Education on Students Choice of Career in Secondary Schools” be used as a guide for Education Project?
Yes it can be used — The study examined the influence of parents’ occupation and education on the career choice of secondary school students in Owerri Municipality. The problem investigated by the researchers was that influence of parents’ on the career choice of students is often done without considering the abilities of the students. As such sometimes, students are either forced or coaxed to take up careers which they do not have interest or cognitive ability. The study adopted the use of structured questionnaire to elicit information from the respondents which comprised 124 SSI students from five sampled government secondary schools in Owerri Municipality. The study yielded pertinent results which include: Educated parents always help to fine-tune the career interest of their children/students,Highly educated parents help their …
Can the material for “A Study of Manpower Training and Productivity” be used as a guide for Political Science Project?
Yes it can be used — This study examined the relationship between manpower training and productivity in Ado-Odo/Ota Local Government Council, Ota, Ogun State. It also investigated the extent to which the nature of manpower training affects productivity and the challenges to effective training in Ado-Odo/Ota Local Government Council. The study covered the period of 2006 and 2016. The human capital theory was used to describe the importance of investing in human capital in an organisation. The study gathered data through primary and secondary sources. The primary data was collected through a well-structured questionnaire circulated to one hundred (170) staff of Ado-Odo/Ota Local Government Council. The population of this study was the employees of Ado-Odo/Ota Local government council which was 548 as at December, 2016. Simple …