INFORMATION ON COST ACCOUNTING AND PRICING
ABSTRACT
The need for cost accounting came with increased industrialization, engineering an expansion in manufacturing. It is therefore obvious that in efficient system of costing is essential for industrial control. The topic, “Cost Accounting Information and Price Determination” Is teaching about cost accounting when adequately treated and its uses to the management of the organization in its planning and decisions. And here, we are trying to apply cost information which is efficiently determined to pricing policy decision. There is not yet an agreed best method of costing products though it may be helpful to recognize that cost allocation are being used to obtain a mutually acceptable price and not necessary to portray caused and effect relationship of cost incurrence. But price determination from cost under efficient operation through efficient cost system will most probably approximate the price of the product to its value.
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
There are no more important decision in market affairs than those connected with pricing.
No matter how intelligently the product, distribution and communication mixes are conceived, improper pricing of a production one of the reason is that price decision cut across all areas of business operation say “Fred Foy” (1980:P143).
This research therefore, among other things intends to highlight an management seemingly indifference towards this all important issues. Through the cost structure especially as it effects a manufacturing industry constitutes the major determinant of the price product of firms which vary with circumstances, types of the commodity services rendered.
Before delving into some of these other factors that influence product price, let us look at some of these factors at play in the cost and of beer, component of the cost structure also include:
a. Historical Accounts:
Since actual figures of cost and revenue obtained from previous periods in a steady economic activities affects management can use information from it to determine the price of a product.
b. Budgeted Costs:
Management often base its policy on the information system through which cost can be estimated, usually applied in a newly established firms.
c. Market Forces:
Demand and supply; the price of beer is affect by factor in the market because it cannot be rigid in its pricing, since it is a price taker, so with high demand the price of beer increase and the reverse is the case.
d. Capacity of the Factor:
This refers to the quantity of the product that can be produced in a run. The factory with large size will produce and sell it in lesser price than a small sized ore. For example, Life Breweries has a capacity of about 500 hectoliters of a 6million cartoons per year while premier has a capacity of 1200 hectoliters. Under normal circumstance, premier should be cheeper.
e. Raw Materials:
Beer Brewing requires three major raw material viz. Malt, Maize and Hop (Malt Extract). Malt constitutes the major cost of beer, and Malt and hop are being imported. When price of all those materials increases the price of beer increase and visa versa. Example when the price of Malt was N20,000.00 per tone, a carton of beer sales for N600.00 each but now it has gone to N35,000.00 and I sale for N1000.00per carton. Other factor includes efficiency, economic trends.
1.2 Statement of Problem:
The study is geared towards the solution of the problem encountered by management in pricing and marketing their products due to inadequate or misleading accounting information. Instances are where management had unknowingly continued selling products below out of pocket cost. This researcher intends to provide several cases and simulations and through proper analysis of these, management would have learnt the best method of analyzing its costs to obtain adequate information necessary for pricing policy.
1.3 Purpose of Study
The project will attempt to:
- X-ray the element of cost involves in the brewing of beer and the extent to which the cost of price of beer is being influence by the actual cost of production.
- Through the ideal of the actual cost figures involves in the price of beer, other factors at play in the determination of the price of beer will be known.
- To determine an appropriate condition and environment for proper collection and analysis of cost.
1.4 Significance of the Study
The essence of cost accounting information came to mind when one realizes that in the modern world of industrization that no firm can survive without properly costing its products.
And any firm that does not know its information as regards costs, stands the chance of pricing itself out of the market. The greatest weapon, which a firm can use against its opponents to maximize efficiency is proper costing. Ever if price ceiling exists, the firm will still in a position to maximize its profits that is, reduction in cost without equivalent reduction in price leads to increase profit.
The more costs are minimized based on information gained, the higher the profit will be and this is a position increase in government tax hence dissuade the use of the ‘market watch department” as the pricing guide to some manufacturing industries especially the beer industry in which m case study is not exempted.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
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TABLE OF CONTENTSPRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Background …
- ⋮
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Conceptual Review
- 2.3 Theoretical Framework
- ⋮
- 2.4 Empirical Studies
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Research Design
- 3.3 Population of Study
- 3.4 Sampling and Sampling Technique
- 3.5 Validation of Research Instrument
- 3.6 Method of Data Collection
- 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
- 3.8 Questionnaire Administration
- 3.9 Ethical Consideration
- 3.10 Statistical Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS, RESULT AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data
- 4.3 Re-statement of Research Questions
- 4.4 Test of Hypotheses
- 4.5 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary of Findings
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
- 5.5 Suggestion for Further Study
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A - “QUESTIONNAIRE”
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Information on Cost Accounting and Pricing" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
PRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Background …
- ⋮
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Conceptual Review
- 2.3 Theoretical Framework
- ⋮
- 2.4 Empirical Studies
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Research Design
- 3.3 Population of Study
- 3.4 Sampling and Sampling Technique
- 3.5 Validation of Research Instrument
- 3.6 Method of Data Collection
- 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
- 3.8 Questionnaire Administration
- 3.9 Ethical Consideration
- 3.10 Statistical Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS, RESULT AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data
- 4.3 Re-statement of Research Questions
- 4.4 Test of Hypotheses
- 4.5 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary of Findings
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
- 5.5 Suggestion for Further Study
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A - “QUESTIONNAIRE”
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Information on Cost Accounting and Pricing" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
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