INCIDENCE OF CANDIDA ALBICANS AMONGST PREGNANT AND NON-PREGNANT WOMEN
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction And Literature Review
1.1 Introduction
Candida are small, oval yeast measuring 2-4 mm in diameter. It causes a disease condition known as candidiasis. Candidiasis is considered an opportunistic and a sexually transmitted infection. It constitutes great health problems to many women. More so, there has been rampant complaints of pregnant and non-pregnant women who attend clinics at Federal Medical centre and general Hospital Owerri about vagina itching and discharge. Being that this is a common symptom of candidiasis, it has become expedient to establish the incidence of this microorganism amongst the population of these women.
In the history of medicine and scientific exploration, new discoveries are made on a regular basis; in fact, many people devote their lives to the identification and treatment of disease. When these disease are discovered, it is often assumed that they are new. These disease might well have been with us for many year. (Marshall et al: 1983).
Although, the term infection and diseases are sometimes used interchangeably, they differ somewhat in meaning. Infection is the invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic microorganisms, which disease occurs when an infection results in any change from a state of health.
Disease is an abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properly adjusted or is not capable of carrying on its normal function.
An infection may exist in the absence of detectable disease. Once a relationship between the normal microbiota can benefit the host by preventing the overgrowth of harmful microorganisms, a phenomenon called antagonism (Tortora et al; 1995).
Microbial antagonism involves competition among microbes, one consequence of this competition is the host against colonization by potentially pathogenic microbes by competing for nutrients, producing substances harmful to the invading microbes, and affecting conditions such as PH and available oxygen. When this balance between the normal microbiota and pathogenic microbas is upset, disease can result. For example, the normal bacterial microbiota of the adult human vagina maintains a local PH of 3.5 to 4.5. The presence of the normal microbiota inhabits overgrowth of the yeast Candida albicans, which cannot grow under these conditions and is normally present in small numbers in the vagina. If antibiotics, excessive douching or deodorants eliminate the bacteria population, the PH of the vagria reverts to nearly neutral and Candida albicans can flourish and become the dominant microorganism there.
Candidasis is a disease caused by yeast-like fungus, Candida albicans; that often grow on mucous membranes of the mouth, intestinal tract, and genitor-urinary tract. Infections are usually a result of opportunistic overgrowth when antibiotics or other factors suppress the competing microbiota. It is responsible for occasional cases in non-gonococcal urethritis in male and for vulvovginal candidiasis which is the most common cause of vaginitis. About 75% of all women experience at least one episode.
The lessons of vulvovaginal candidiasis resemble those of oral thrush but produce more irritation, severe itching, thick yellow cottage, cheese-like discharge, and a yeasty odour. Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen. Predisposing conditions include use of oral contraceptives and pregnancy. Which causes an merease in glycogen in the vagina. Diabetes, and treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics are also associated with the occurrence of candida albicans and vaginitis, (Tortora et al; 1995).
Candida albicans and its close relatives account for nearly 80% of nosocomial fungi infections in general, (Talaro, 2008).
The Federal Medical Centre and general Hospital Owerri have both ante-natal and out-patient units; where they rouser different services to patients. Therefore provide a fetile ground for an investigation such as this.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
Procedure for Downloading the PDF (Docx) Material
Incidence of Candida Albicans Amongst Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women can be downloaded by requesting the full set of materials at the project or seminar cost. The document will be sent via Microsoft Word (MS-Word) format via WhatsApp (e-mail) following payment confirmation.
| Seminar Material Cost ₦3,000 | Project Material Cost ₦5,000 |
Request Complete Material
 | Click here to request the Complete Material via WhatsApp including;
|
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Incidence of Candida Albicans Amongst Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Can this topic “Adoption of Library 3.0 Technologies for Library and Information Service among Undergraduate Student” be used for Library and Information Science (LIS) Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — Library 3.0 technologies is a model for a modernized form of library services that reflects a transition within the library world in the way services are delivered to users. The aim of the study is to examine the Adoption of Library 3.0 Technologies for Library and Information Service using Benson Idahosa University Undergraduate Student as a case study. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were set out as follows to: examine the adoption impact of Library 3.0 Technologies for Library and Information Service among Undergraduate Student in Benson Idahosa University, ascertain the level of awareness of Benson Idahosa University Undergraduate Student towards Library 3.0 Technologies, and determine the challenges associated with the application of Library 3.0 Technologies in …
Can this topic “A Case for Entrenchment of ICT Literacy in the Business Education Programme” be used for Business Education Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — The study was carried out to assess the Level of ICT Entrenchment in Business Education Programme in Ebonyi State University. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were set out to ascertain the availability of interactive ICT Entrenchment in Business Education Programme and determine the level of utilization of non-interactive ICT Entrenchment in Business Education Programme in Ebonyi state university. The research design used in this report is descriptive design, utilizing questionnaire method to obtain information from the respondents for this project. A total of 133 (one hundred and thirty three) respondents were selected for this study to represent the entire population of the study. For null hypotheses were formulated and tested using the one-way ANOVA and the t-test …
Can the material for “Nigeria Tax Administration and Reform” be used as a guide for Accountancy / Accounting Project?
Yes it can be used — The study scrutinizes the Tax Reform and Administration in Nigeria. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to find out whether lack of staff training affect of poor revenue collection in the state, identify if poor tax collection is because of pronounced poverty among the taxpaying public of Ogun State, ascertain the rate of non-compliance of individuals, companies with tax laws and policy, eliminate the constraint affecting effective tax reform and administration in Nigeria, identify the effect of poor tax administration on the Nigeria revenue generation, and identify new techniques to uncover corruption, tax avoidance and evasions by taxpaying public of Ogun State. The research design used in this report is descriptive design, utilizing questionnaire method …
Can this topic “Design and Implementation of a Computer Based System for Computation of Students CGPA” be used for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — Comprehensive Grade Point Average (CGPA) Computation System is the process of calculating students GP and record in the primary, secondary school and higher institution of learning. This project deals with the calculation of Grade Point (GP) in higher institution. The existing method in Federal Polytechnic Nekede, Owerri is the tedious manual process therefore the write up consists of detail of grade point and the various problems associated with it. The objective of this project now is to provide a more authentic reliable and efficient Grade Point Average Computation System to minimize the errors and the tedious nature of the manual system. The motivation that led to the implementation of the proposed system is that grades are not based on effort, …
Can the material for “Cooperative Marketing and Transportation” be used as a guide for Business Administration and Management (BAM) Project?
Yes it can be used — This work tends to present cooperative marketing and transportation Anambra State. In so during, the study emphasizes as a whole, the marketing activities of Ogbo-Efere Cooperative Societies in Anambra State. The research work was undertaken to examine and analyze the impact of cooperative Marketing in Anambra State. The data were mainly collected through questionnaire and personal interview directed to society. The researcher also use primary and secondary data to source the information used. The researcher used table, percentage and the technique for data analysis is the chi-square. It was discovered that Cooperative Marketing and Transportation in Anambra State are facing many problems especially transportation problem and infrastructural problem. Base on the findings of the researcher some recommendations were made to panacea and …
Can the material for “Determination of Alkalinity of Sachet and Borehole Water” be used as a guide for Biochemistry Project?
Yes it can be used — The study was carried out to determine the Alkalinity of Sachet and Borehole Water using Ikole North local government area as a case study. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to determine the alkalinity levels in commercially available sachet and borehole water and determine the concentration of alkalinity in borehole and sachet water. Studies have shown that alkaline water helps neutralize acids in the body and allows for the free passage of substrate. The alkalinity of selected sachet and borehole water in Remo land were determined and the water samples were subsequently alkalised with the use of energy cup. The untreated SW4 sachet water has the highest pH meter value of (7.2) and a pH …
Can this topic “Maintenance of Social Order in Nigeria with Particular Emphasis on Police Reform” be used for Political Science Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — This work fries to find out the maintenance of social order in Nigeria with particular emphasis on police reform police reform. As very Nigerian literally depressed over the ineffective ad inefficient performance of most government owned establishment such a situation makes null of the good intentions of government in setting up such organization. From the work of earlier researches and seminars and talks delivered by eminent scholars it is widely believed that the reason why government owned establishment have remained insoluble hangs on management more especially personnel management. The work set out unravel these seeming mysteries, the administration of Enugu state Board of internal revenue which have caused so much groaning pains, agony and frustration to their staff and even larger …
Can the material for “Work-Life Balance and Employee Productivity” be used as a guide for Business Administration and Management (BAM) Project?
Yes it can be used — This study focused on work life balance and employee productivity in the Nigerian banking industry. The study started by looking at various events or issues that affects the productivity of employee most especially in zenith bank Nigeria. The study therefore proposed a statement of problem to look at and identify those anomalies that may come up as a result of poor balance between work and life. The objectives, research questions and hypothesis were raised in line with the problems identified in the industry. The scope of the study was limited to Zenith Bank headquarters while the significance was given in line with the benefits to be expected by the stakeholders involved in the study. The literature review was done on conceptual …
Can the material for “An Assessment of the Performance of Public Enterprise in Nigeria” be used as a guide for Public Administration (PA) Project?
Yes it can be used — It is because of social issues like economic inequalities, unemployment that made the state to interfere in economy of Nigeria. Government chose public sector as a means or medium for economic and social development due to poor managerial skill, weak technological base etc, this enhanced the zeal to establish various enterprise institutions in Nigeria. Then, due to inadequate capital and lack of finance, public enterprises such as NITEL has been confronted with many problems by the employees, managers and political interference in affairs of NITEL. The project title is An Assessment of the Performance of Public Enterprise in Nigeria: A case study of Nigeria telecommunication. The problems are; is political interference and mismanagement of resources responsible for the poor performance …
Can the material for “Learning Environment and Students’ Academic Performance in Public Schools” be used as a guide for Education Project?
Yes it can be used — This research work centered on the influence of learning environment on the academic performance of students in public junior secondary school in Ojo local government area. This study was aimed at finding how learning environment has an impact on academic performance on students. The researcher made effort to review books, journals and other materials relating to the different headings incorporated in the literature review. The study population for this study composed of 80 students in four public secondary schools in ojo local government area, Lagos state. The instrument used to collect data for this study was questionnaire. Te data was analyzed through SPSS computer package. The result obtained indicate that a significant relationship exist between learning environment and academic performance. …