IMPACT OF POINT OF SALE (POS) BANKING ON CHURCHES
ABSTRACT
Point of sale (POS) Banking on Churches refers to the place where a church members executes the payment for tithe and offering. The study was carried out to examine the Impact of Point of Sale (POS) Banking on Churches using House on the Rock Church, Uyo as a case study. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to examine the limitations of POS on church payment system and impact of POS on churches. Investigation revealed that the reliance on cash based system of donation and offering in churches has however been found to be risky and cumbersome because money outside the banks cannot be subjected to regulatory and operational procedures, and the ability of monetary policy to achieve set objectives in the presence of sizeable currency out of Bank (COB) is therefore limited. The research design used in this report is descriptive design, utilizing questionnaire method to obtain information from the respondents for this project. A total of 120 (One hundred and twenty) respondents were selected for this study to represent the entire population of the study. Primary data were collected from the primary source which questionnaire was used as an instrument of data collection while secondary data were sources from textbooks, journals, newspapers and the internet were employed. The data were presented on a frequency distribution table and analyzed using simple percentage, while hypothesis was tested using chi-square test. The findings from this study will educate church authorities and executives and the general public in Nigeria on how they can key in to the CBN cashless policy to promote efficiency in the churches. Based on the findings, it is recommended that Church accounting practices should be properly organized by employing qualified accounting personnel and conducts all financial affairs to sustain confidence and trust of members. Also, Church accounting should expose the financial strength of a church from time to time as well as aid the church in making future financial decisions.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
Point of sale (POS) Banking on Churches refers to the place where a church members executes the payment for tithe and offering. Church accounting in recent time has become inevitable owing to widespread proliferation of churches and the attendant economic as well as financial activities engendered by these churches. Church accounting mainly consists of fund accounting. This policy is designed to provide guidelines for capital and special projects or programs which are funded through pledges, gifts, donations etc and their accounting treatments (Louis, 2007). Churches have historically relied heavily on volunteer assistance and volunteers are often given accounting or management duties for which they have little or no qualification at all or sometimes the church has very little money budgeted for a key position, that highly qualified people have no interest applying.
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.
1.2 Background of Study
The church and the modern technologies seem to be ever more connected as we move further into the twenty-first century” (Hoover 2006). This assertion clearly defines the link between religious belief and the new information and communication technologies which are the most defining media instruments of the twenty-first century. ICT driven technologies can be applied in virtually all areas of the church activities including the payment system (Ovia, 2005). However, different types of payment are done by members in the church. Examples of common payments done during church service includes tithe, general offering, special offering, thanksgiving, harvest, covenant offering, offering for the less privileged/needy, building construction donations etc.
The role and importance of efficient payment systems has been closely monitored and promoted by monetary authorities in all countries. However, the Nigerian payment system that is cash-driven cannot and has not guaranteed the much needed efficient and effective transactions required for a sustainable economic development. Among the problems often associated with cash transactions are armed robberies, use of counterfeit bank notes, frauds, inconveniences of carrying large quantities of currency notes, long period of waiting in bank halls, frequent trips to banks, frequent printing of bank notes (Nnanna and Ajayi, 2005). However, churches in Nigeria are beginning to key in into this cashless system of payment by incorporating modern and cashless method of payment especially the use of POS.
Point-of-sale (POS) systems have always been around in many forms for a number of years now. Many businesses use these systems not only to accept payment, but to provide other operational information such as accounting, sales tracking, and inventory management. Thus far, this system has gone a long way in improving customer’s experience through customer loyalty programs and suggestions in businesses (Ojo, 2004). Nowadays, the use of POS system is not only available in business set ups but also in churches which have gone a long way in impacting churches. Though for a number of reasons in Nigeria, there has been various arguments and criticisms among Christians that the use of POS system in church is ungodly and this has been one of the major challenges faced by the use of this system in Nigerian churches. Some church executives in Nigeria has come to say that the banks offered it to the church and since the world was going digital, the members should try and also fit in. They also say it would ease the stress of looking for change every Sunday and for those who forget to bring money to church.
Therefore, in Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the Impact of Point of Sale (POS) Banking on Churches.
1.3 Statement of Problems
Investigation revealed that the reliance on cash based system of donation and offering in churches has however been found to be risky and cumbersome because money outside the banks cannot be subjected to regulatory and operational procedures, and the ability of monetary policy to achieve set objectives in the presence of sizeable currency out of Bank (COB) is therefore limited.
Hence, many churches make use of POS for offering and donation collection from members to prevent the risks involved in carrying cash about. This cash carrying character of Nigerians is also responsible for large pool of money in the hands of the unbanked citizens. No research has been carried on the impact of POS on churches. However, the researcher is examining the impact of POS on churches.
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to examine the Impact of Point of Sale (POS) Banking on Churches using House on the Rock Church, Uyo as a case study. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To examine the existing payment method/system in churches;
- To examine the impact of POS on churches; and
- To examine the limitations of POS on church payment system.
1.5 Research Questions
The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:
- What are the existing payment methods/systems in churches?
- What is the impact of POS on churches?
- What are the limitations of POS on church payment system?
1.6 Research Hypothesis
In order to pursue the objective of this study, the following generalized statements have been designed to guide and aids in obtaining the result for the experiment to be conducted. For this work, the null hypothesis will be represented with H0 while the alternative hypothesis will be represented with hypothesis H1.
Hypothesis One
- H0: The use of POS in churches does not promote efficiency and accountability
- H1: The use of POS in churches promotes efficiency and accountability
1.7 Significance of Study
The findings from this study will educate church authorities and executives and the general public in Nigeria on how they can key in to the CBN cashless policy to promote efficiency in the churches.
This research will also serve as a resource base to other scholars and researchers interested in carrying out further research in this field subsequently, if applied will go to an extent to provide new explanation to the topic.
1.8 Scope of Study
The scope of the research is focused on the Impact of Point of Sale (POS) Banking on Churches using House on the Rock Church, Uyo as a case study. This study will cover the existing payment structures in churches with comparison to the modern payment system of POS considering the benefits of POS in the collection of offering and donations in churches.
1.9 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Establishment Policies: Establishment policies posed a serious limitation as most staffs are not ready to release information needed for this project work. There were lots of information needed from the staffs of this establishment to enhance the study which took them time to release or they did not release at all for security purposes, hence the scope was reduced.
- Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
- Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
1.10 Definition of Terms
Accounts Receivable: Amounts owed to a business (an asset), usually by customers who purchased goods or services on credit.
Additional markdown: An increase of a previous markdown to further lower the selling price.
Adjustment: An increase or decrease to the quantity indicated in the retail software package. The adjustment ensures that the records in the retail software match the actual physical quantity in inventory.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
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TABLE OF CONTENTSPRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Background of Study
- 1.3 Statement of Problems
- 1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
- 1.5 Research Questions
- 1.6 Research Hypothesis
- 1.7 Significance of Study
- 1.8 Scope of Study
- 1.9 Limitations of the Study
- 1.10 Definition of Terms
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Conceptual Review
- 2.3 Theoretical Framework of POS Banking on Churches
- 2.3.1 An Overview of Point of Sales
- 2.3.2 The Benefits of POS
- 2.3.3 Advantages of Electronic Point of Sale (EPOS)
- 2.3.4 Church Governance and Accounting
- 2.3.5 Internal Control Requirement in Church Accounting
- 2.3.6 Problems Associated with Church Accounting
- 2.3.7 The Prospects of Church Accounting
- 2.3.8 The Relevance of Accounting in Churches
- 2.4 Overview of Church Accounting
- 2.5 Principles Applied in Church Accounting
- 2.6 Core Accounting Practices in Church
- 2.7 Empirical Studies
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Research Design
- 3.3 Population of Study
- 3.4 Sampling and Sampling Technique
- 3.5 Validation of Research Instrument
- 3.6 Method of Data Collection
- 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
- 3.8 Questionnaire
- 3.8.1 Interview
- 3.8.2 Key Informants Interview
- 3.8.3 Observation
- 3.9 Ethical Consideration
- 3.10 Statistical Analysis
DATA ANALYSIS, RESULT AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data
- 4.3 Re-statement of Research Questions
- 4.4 Test of Hypothesis 1
- 4.5 Discussion of Findings
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary of Findings
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A - “QUESTIONNAIRE”
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Impact of Point of Sale (POS) Banking on Churches" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
PRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Background of Study
- 1.3 Statement of Problems
- 1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
- 1.5 Research Questions
- 1.6 Research Hypothesis
- 1.7 Significance of Study
- 1.8 Scope of Study
- 1.9 Limitations of the Study
- 1.10 Definition of Terms
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Conceptual Review
- 2.3 Theoretical Framework of POS Banking on Churches
- 2.3.1 An Overview of Point of Sales
- 2.3.2 The Benefits of POS
- 2.3.3 Advantages of Electronic Point of Sale (EPOS)
- 2.3.4 Church Governance and Accounting
- 2.3.5 Internal Control Requirement in Church Accounting
- 2.3.6 Problems Associated with Church Accounting
- 2.3.7 The Prospects of Church Accounting
- 2.3.8 The Relevance of Accounting in Churches
- 2.4 Overview of Church Accounting
- 2.5 Principles Applied in Church Accounting
- 2.6 Core Accounting Practices in Church
- 2.7 Empirical Studies
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Research Design
- 3.3 Population of Study
- 3.4 Sampling and Sampling Technique
- 3.5 Validation of Research Instrument
- 3.6 Method of Data Collection
- 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
- 3.8 Questionnaire
- 3.8.1 Interview
- 3.8.2 Key Informants Interview
- 3.8.3 Observation
- 3.9 Ethical Consideration
- 3.10 Statistical Analysis
DATA ANALYSIS, RESULT AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data
- 4.3 Re-statement of Research Questions
- 4.4 Test of Hypothesis 1
- 4.5 Discussion of Findings
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary of Findings
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A - “QUESTIONNAIRE”
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Impact of Point of Sale (POS) Banking on Churches" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
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