FOREIGN EXCHANGE AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE ITS EFFECT ON BANK PROFITABILITY

ABSTRACT

This project is titled foreign exchange and international trade it’s effect on bank profitability. It examines the extent and effect of foreign presence in domestic banking markets. It investigate how net interest margins, overhead tax paid and profitability differ between foreign and domestic banks we find that foreign banks have higher profit than domestic bank in developing countries but the opposite is the case for developed countries. Estimation result suggest that an increased presence of foreign bank is association with a reduction in profitability and margins for domestic banks are regard to foreign exchange and international trade.

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

1.1 Background Of The Study

In recent decades, international trade in goods and financial services has become increasingly important. To facilitate such trade, many banking institution have also become international.

Foreign exchange market (currency market) is a form of exchange for the global decentralized trading of international currencies. Financial centres around the world function as auchors of trading between a wide range of different types of buyers and sellers around the clock.

The foreign exchange market determines the relative valve of different currencies.

The foreign exchange market assist international trade and investment by enabling currency conversion for example, it permits a business in Nigeria import goods from European union member states especially Eurozone members and pay Euros. Ever through its income is in Nigeria. It also support direct speculation in the valve of currencies and the carry tradE, speculation basat on the interest rate differential between two currencies.

In a typical foreign exchange transaction a party purchases some quantity of one currency by paying some quantity of another currency. The modern foreign exchange market began forming during the 1970s after three decades of government restrict on foreign exchange transaction (the Bretton wood system of monetary management established the riles for commercial and financial relations among the world’s major industries states after world war II) when countries gradually switched to floating exchange rate from previous exchange rate regime which remained fixed as per the Bretton wood system.

The foreign exchange market is unique because of the following characteristics.

Its huges trading volume representing the largest asset class in the world leading to high liquidity.
Its geographical dispersion
The variety of factors that affect exchange rates
Its continuous operation hours a day except weekend i.e trading from 20:15 GMT on Sunday until 22:00 GMT Friday.
The law margins of relative profile compared with markets of fixed income.
The use of leverage to enhance profit and loss margins and with respect to account size.

As such it has been referred to as the market closest to the ideal of perfect competition not withstanding currency intervention by central banks. According to the bank for international settlement as of April 2010, average daily turnover in global foreign exchange market is estimated at $3.98 trillion a growth of approximately 20% over the %3.21 trillion daily volume as of April 2007. Some firms specializing on foreign exchange market had put the average daily turnover in excess of US $4 trillion.

Banks have expanded internationally by establishing foreign subsidiaries and branches or by taking over established foreign banks. The internationalization of the banking section has been spurred by the lateralization of financial market worldwide. Developed and developing countries alike now increasingly allow banks to be foreign owned and allow foreign entry on a nation treatment basis.

Financial liberalization of this kind of proceeds, among other reasons on the premise that the gains from foreign entry to the democratic banking system out weight any losses several authors have addressed the potential benefits of foreign bank entry for the domestic economy in terms of better resource allocation and higher efficiency Levine (1996) specifically mention that foreign bank may:

Improve the quality and availability of financial services in the domestic financial market by increasing bank competition by enabling the greater application or more modern banking skills and technology.
Serve to stimulate the development of the underlying bank supervisory and legal framework.
Enhance a country’s access to international capital. There may also be cost to opening financial market to foreign competition stightz (1993) for instance discusses the potential costs to domestic banks local entrepreneurs and the government resulting from foreign bank entry.

Domestic banks may incur costs they have to compete with larger international bank with better reputation local entrepreneurs may receive less chess to financial service since foreign generally concentrate on multinational firms and government may find their control of the economy diminished since foreign banks tend to be less sensitive to their wishes.

As yet little evidence exist of the effects of an internationalization of the banking sector other than several case studies of foreign bank entry MC Fadden (1994) reviews foreign bank entry in Australia and finds that this has led to improved domestic bank entry operations. Bhattacharaya (1993) reports on specific cases in Pakistan, Turkey, and korea where foreign banks facilitated access to foreign capital for domestic project pigott (19986) describe the policies that have made increased foreign bank activity possible in nine pacific Basin countries and provides some aggregate statistics on the size and scope of foreign banking activities in these markets.

1.2 Statement Of Problem

The statement of problem of the research work is to discuss the effect of foreign exchange and international trade on bank profitability.

1.3 Objectives Of The Study

We the researcher our aims are to provide a systematic study of how banks profit from foreign exchange and international activities.

However, the objective of the study are as follows:

To know the effect of foreign exchange on bank profitability
To know the effect of international trade on bank profitability
To know the size and scope of foreign banking activities.
To know the quality and availability of financial services in the domestic financial market by increasing bank competition.
To know the use of leverage to enhance profit and loss margins and with respect to account size.

1.4 Research Questions

Do foreign exchange affect bank profitability?
Do international exchange affect profitability?
Do foreign exchange and international trade affect the size and scope of foreign banking activities?
Do foreign exchange and international trade affect the quality and availability of financial services in the domestic financial market by increasing bank competition.

1.5 Hypothesis

HI: foreign exchange affect bank profitability
H0: foreign exchange do not affect bank profitability
H2: international trade affect bank profitability
H0: international trade do not affect bank profitability
H3: foreign exchange and international trade affect the size and scope of foreign banking activities.
H0: foreign exchange and international trade do not affect the size and scope of foreign banking activities.
H4: foreign exchange and international trade affect the quantity and availability of financial services in the domestic financial market by increasing bank competition.

1.6 Significance Of The Study

This work will be immense bat to the economy of the country at large. It will serve as a guard to students of banking and finance who wish to carryout the same research. Finally it will of importance to the banking because it proffers ways on how bank can increase their profit through foreign exchange and international trade.

1.8 Definition Of Terms

International Trade:

This may be defined as the exchange of goods and services between two or more countries.

Foreign Exchange:

Is seen as the transfer of bank deposits and credit instruments that serves as a means of international payment.

Bank:

My be defined as a financial institution where money and other valuables are kept for safe keeping.

Bank Profitability:

This may be defined as the money the bank earn from the fees that it charges for its services and the interest that its earn on it’s asset.

…

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRELIMINARY PAGES

Title page
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background …
⋮
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Conceptual Review
2.3 Theoretical Framework
⋮
2.4 Empirical Studies
2.5 Research Gaps
2.6 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Population of Study
3.4 Sampling and Sampling Technique
3.5 Validation of Research Instrument
3.6 Method of Data Collection
3.7 Method of Data Analysis
3.8 Questionnaire Administration
3.9 Ethical Consideration
3.10 Statistical Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS, RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data
4.3 Re-statement of Research Questions
4.4 Test of Hypotheses
4.5 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Summary of Findings
5.3 Conclusion
5.4 Recommendation
5.5 Suggestion for Further Study
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A - “QUESTIONNAIRE”

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