EXTRACTION AND STUDY OF EFFECT OF HEAT ON CAFFEINE EXTRACTED FROM KOLA NUT
ABSTRACT
The study was carried out to determine the Effect of Heat on Caffeine Extracted from Kola Nut. Kola nut is a plant that contains a glycoside kolanine, 9% protein, 2% fat, 74% carbohydrate on fresh bases. Kola nuts are rich in caffeine and used in the manufacturing of carbonated soft drinks known as kola beverages. The kola-nut caffeine content is a bitter, white crystalline xanthie alkaloid and a psychoactive stimulant drug. The caffeine crude extracted from Kola-nut was purified to get Caffeine whose properties compares very well with those of pure Caffeine in this research. Kola-nut gave average percentage yields of crude Caffeine and purified Caffeine of about 14% and 12% respectively. The obtained average percentage yield of Caffeine and purified Caffeine from native Kola-nut are higher than the percentage yield of Caffeine from other sources. The optimum percentage yield of crude Caffeine from Kola-nut is 15.10% corresponding to 200g of Kola-nut and 4 liters of flavour-charged water at constant temperature and atmospheric pressure. The findings of this research showed the use of Kola-nut as source of Caffeine production in Nigeria, which diversify the economic use of Kola-nut other than food consumption. Based on the findings of this research, it is recommended that kola-nut Consumers should limit the consumption of kola-nut on daily basis to prevent its addiction.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
Kola cola is common name for a genus of about 125 species of evergreen trees (trees that certain foliage throughout the year). It is a native to tropical areas of the world. Kola trees are best known for their seeds or nuts which are rich in caffeine and used in the manufacturing of carbonated soft drinks known as kola beverages.
Kola trees belong to the cacao family sterculiaceae. The main species grown for their seed production are classified as kola nitida and kola acuminate. They are classified into these groups on the basis of the amount of cotyledons they have: kola nitida is dicotyledonous while kola acuminate has more than two cotyledons. These are two varieties of kola nitida which are rubra and Alba.
Economically, the most important kola species are those cultivated in tropical; countries for their caffeine - rich nuts. Harvested by hand, the brown nuts, which resemble chestnuts and have an aroma like that of nutmeg are separated from the follicles and sun-dried, after which they are ready for shipment. Kola forms a part of social and religious customs in West Africa. Kola is one of the major sources of caffeine. Humans have consumed caffeine since the stone. 5 Early peoples found that chewing the seeds, bark, or leaves of certain plants had the effects of easing fatigue, stimulating awareness, and elevating one’s mood.
Only much later was it found that the effect of caffeine was increased by steeping such plants in hot water. Global consumption of caffeine has been estimated at 120,000 tones per year, making it the world’s most popular psychoactive substance. This amounts to one serving of a caffeinated beverage for every person every day. Caffeine is a central nervous system and metabolic stimulant, and is used both recreationally and medically to reduce physical fatigue and restore mental alertness when unusual weakness or drowsiness occurs.
Caffeine and other methylxanthine derivatives are also used on newborns to treat apnea and correct irregular heartbeats. Caffeine stimulates the central nervous system first at the higher levels, resulting in increased alertness and wakefulness, faster and clearer flow of thought, increased focus, and better general body coordination, and later at the spinal cord level at higher doses.8 Once inside the body, it has a complex chemistry, and acts through several mechanisms as described below.
Many cultures have legends that attribute the discovery of such plants to people living many thousands of years ago. Muslims consider kola nuts to be sacred and incorporate them in ceremonial and social occasions. When chewed kola nuts taste bitter initially but leave a sweet, lingering aftertaste.
1.2 Chemical Composition of Kola-nuts
The analysis of the three predominant species k. acuminata and k. nitida showed that crude protein range from 3.9-6.7%. kola contains between 1.0 and 1.2 caffeine. Kola contains a glycoside kolanine, 9% protein, 2% fat, 74% carbohydrate on fresh bases.
1.3 Uses of Kola-nuts
Uses of the kola-nut like the coffee berry and tea leaf, appears to have ancient origins.
- It is chewed in many Western African cultures, individually or in a social setting, to restore vitality and ease hunger pangs.
- In 1911, kola became the focus of one of the earliest documented health scares when the US government seized 40 barrels and 20 kegs.
- It is also used in the confectionary industries.
- Kola is also used in masticatory and its extract is used in soft drink manufacturing.
- In addition to their drink manufacturer utilization, kola nuts are used in traditional African folk medicine to cure stomach ulcers, diarrhea, dysentery and other ills.
- It is used to produce kola wine and also incorporated into chocolate drinks.
- Kola forms a part of social and religious customs in West Africa.
- Kola is a source of caffeine and also essential oils used in the confectionary industries.
1.4 Caffeine
Caffeine is a bitter, white crystalline xanthie alkaloid and a psychoactive stimulant drug, Caffeine was discovered by a German chemist, Fredrich Ferdinard Runge, He coined the term kaffein, a chemical compound in coffee, (the German word for which is Kaffee) which in English became caffeine (and changed to Koffein in German), Caffeine belongs to the family of heterocyclic compounds known as purines.
1.5 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to determine the Effect of Heat on Caffeine Extracted from Kola Nut. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To examine the level of caffeine extracted from Kola Nut; and
- To determine the process of extracting and purifying caffeine content from kola-nuts collected from the study area.
1.6 Research Questions
The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:
- What is the level of caffeine extracted from Kola Nut?
- What is the process of extracting and purifying caffeine content from kola-nuts collected from the study area?
1.7 Significance of Study
The findings of this study are beneficial and can lead to implementing changes to promote healthier life style among students. It addresses an important public health issue and contributes to providing better understanding of perceptions that are linked with the effects of caffeine.
This study will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.
1.8 Scope of Study
The scope of the research is focused on the Extraction and Study of Effect of Heat on Caffeine Extracted from Kola Nut.
1.9 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, there were some problems encountered which stood as limitations to the research work. Some of the limitations include:
- Time Constraint:The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet).
1.10 Definition of Terms
Caffeine:
It is a drug that is a bitter in taste, white crystalline xanthine alkaloid that acts as a psychoactive stimulant drug and a mild diuretic.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
Procedure for Downloading the PDF (Docx) Material
Extraction and Study of Effect of Heat on Caffeine Extracted From Kola Nut can be downloaded by requesting the full set of materials at the project or seminar cost. The document will be sent via Microsoft Word (MS-Word) format via WhatsApp (e-mail) following payment confirmation.
| Seminar Material Cost ₦3,000 | Project Material Cost ₦5,000 |
Request Complete Material
 | Click here to request the Complete Material via WhatsApp including;
|
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Extraction and Study of Effect of Heat on Caffeine Extracted From Kola Nut" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Can the material for “Effect of Materials Management on Resource Utilization in Organization” be used as a guide for Human Resource Management (HRM) Project?
Yes it can be used — This project (research) work is titled “Effect of Materials Management on resource utilization in Organization”. The researcher carried on investigation to determine the impact of effect of materials management on resource utilization in organization as it affect organization’s productivity and output in the field of resource control and management. The researcher went further to talk about the side effect of lack of adequate materials and resources used in industrial or manufacturing situation and the consequences it has placed the country at large. The researcher drew up questionnaire and administered them on forty six (46) staff of the company (Senior and junior staff). Only closed –ended questions were used in designing the questionnaire. Thus the questionnaire method was used in gathering the …
Can the material for “Influence of Informal Groups on Productivity” be used as a guide for Banking and Finance (BF) Project?
Yes it can be used — Informal group came into existence through the interaction of people as a result of socialization. When individual meet and interact with one another, there is the tendency for individuals with similar interest and characteristics to form powerful cohesive groups in order to obtain organizational objectives. It therefore, the objective of this research was find out the relationship that existed between informal groups activities on productivity levels in organizations for effective management of the informal groups in Nigeria organizations. A review of the related interactive was made to provide a sound theoretical background of the concept of informal groups. This was done by review of work previously done by scholars on the concept of informal groups. By making use of a …
Can the material for “The Use of the Committees System in Organisational Decision Making” be used as a guide for Business Administration and Management (BAM) Project?
Yes it can be used — This project examined the use of the committee system in organizational decision making. The NIGERGAS Company (NIG. LTD.) was used as part of the writing based on case study. Literature related to the subject area were reviewed in order to have a sound academic backing to the research work. Secondary data and oral interview were used as a supplementary instrument. Meanwhile, secondary data was collected from textbooks, journal and the company’s record. The data obtained were presented and analysed using data of frequencies and the chi-square test statistics for testing. Among others, it was found that capabilities of people were not considered before appointing into committee and that through committee decisions costs more, they are worth the cost because of the …
Is the topic “The Effects of Inflation on Cost of Living in Nigeria” recommended for Economics Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — Inflation is an inevitable property of any economy in the world. It influences every country, negatively as well as positively, whether it is developed or developing country as well. The standard of living is very germane to every economy. It gives a broad view of how the economy is fairing on a global scale. The study was carried out to examine the Effects of Inflation on Cost of Living in Nigeria. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to determine the Effects of Inflation on the cost of living, examine what constitutes cost of living, and how it negatively affects economic growth and examine the Effects of Inflation and cost of living on economic growth in …
Can the material for “Prudential Guidelines and Management of Debt in Nigerian Banks” be used as a guide for Banking and Finance (BF) Project?
Yes it can be used — This research examines Prudential Guidelines and Management of Debts in Nigerian Banks. In carrying out this study for questionnaire were used to collect data from respondents. The random sampling method was adopted in selecting the study participants. The study revealed that commercial banks use collateral securities as a necessity for granting credit facilities. This study also revealed that problems such as the adoption of these prudential guidelines have significance on the management of dept in commercial banks. The study further revealed that the above mentioned problems can be mitigated by critically and specifically examining ways debts are revealed in Nigeria commercial banks. The study recommends among others that it necessary for the lending officer of the bank to be firm …
Can this topic “Design and Implementation of an Online Pharmaceutical E-Commerce Information System” be used for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — Pharmaceutical E-Commerce Information System is designed to improve accuracy and to enhance safety and efficiency in the pharmaceutical store. The aim of this study is to Design and Implement of an Online Pharmaceutical E-Commerce Information System. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows to design and develop an application software that will eliminate the difficulties people face with manual method of monitoring products and eliminate the error involved with the manual storage of pharmaceutical products. The motivation that led to the implementation of the proposed system is that, the existing system method of information storage and retrieval is very tedious. It does not make room for adequate modification of pharmaceutical products information. Also, the …
Is the topic “The Role of Organisation Culture on Employee Job Performance” recommended for Industrial Relations and Personnel Management (IRPM) Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — The research was conducted to investigate the Role of Organizational Culture on Employee Job Performance at Dangote Agro Sack Limited. The study adopted survey research method and a sample size of 240 respondents were drawn from the population through simple random sampling technique. Data was generated by’questionnaire administration and the collected data was presented and analyzed with the aid of statistical tools. It was concluded among others that organizational culture has positive effect on workers’ performance which is based on the findings that companies derive core values and beliefs that guide the conduct of her workers in all spheres of business activities. The study recommends that organizational culture and value should be reviewed at appropriate times so as to derive …
Can the material for “An Evaluation of the Impact of Computer Skills on the Modern Era Secretaries” be used as a guide for Secretarial Administration Project?
Yes it can be used — The study was carried out to evaluate the Impact of Computer Skills on the Modern Era Secretaries and to find out if secretaries without computer knowledge can be conveniently employed in a modern office. The researcher used all the secretaries in NEPA Enugu Zonal office which is 75 secretaries as the population of the study. Because of the smallest of the population size, the researcher used the entire population of 75 secretaries for the study. The instrument used for data collection was a 20-iten structured questionnaire called ECLOSEC (effects of computer literacy on secretaries) which was prepared by the researcher. The researcher in order to get the needed result distributed questionnaire to some staff of National Electric Power Authority, NEPA Enugu zonal office …
Can the material for “The Level of Computer Literacy among Junior Secondary School Students” be used as a guide for Education Project?
Yes it can be used — Computer literacy is the ability to use computers to perform a variety of tasks and is becoming fundamental to the learning process. The level of computer literacy in junior secondary schools across the country is really alarming as most schools do not teach computer at all. Schools who try to teach are more into theory than practical; there are no computers to match theory with practice; schools that have computers have it in limited number. The aim of this study is to examine the level of computer literacy among the junior secondary school students in Kosofe Local government area in Lagos State. Specifically, the study intends to: know if there are competent teachers of computer science in Kosofe local government …
Can the material for “The Application of Production Skills on the Organisational Management” be used as a guide for Production and Operations Management Project?
Yes it can be used — Production skills is a basic element in maintaining the production capacity of an organization is an important function in any production organization. The aim of the study is to analyze the impact of production skills on the organisational management using Nigeria Breweries Kaduna PLC as a case study. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to profitably export petroleum products to existing and potential market at a minimum cost, provide an un-interrupted supply of crude oil to the refineries, and stimulate the sale of special products and promote import subscription of petroleum products and special products. Production skills entails Industries and business organization be it private or public, have one thing in common, the human workforce, …