EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ORANGE SEED AND PAWPAW SEED OIL
ABSTRACT
The study determines the Extraction and Characterization process of Orange Seed and Pawpaw Seed Oil. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to determine the nutritive value of orange seed and compare the physicochemical properties of oils extracted from Orange Seed and Pawpaw Seed Oil, investigate the use of the seeds as a source of oil, African Pear and Pawpaw, and expand the knowledge of fatty acid composition of Orange and Pawpaw seed oil, and evaluating its potential application in synthesis of surface coating driers. The seeds of Orange and Pawpaw are generally discarded. However, in order to make a more efficient use of pawpaw and orange, it is worth investigating the use of the seeds as a source of oil. In this work oil was extracted from the seeds of both pawpaw and orange. The specific gravity, iodine value, acid value, peroxide value, saponification value and moisture content of pawpaw seed oil were determined and the result are 0.85, 30.20, 47.12, 48.60, 79.38, and 0.18 respectively. Similarly, the following results were obtained for the orange seed oil; 0.47, 24.6, 51.40, 250.70, 194.24 and 6.43 respectively.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
The papaya is the plant Carica papaya, one of the 22 accepted species in the genus Carica of the family Caricaceae. Orange is from the citrus family, the fruit size varies with cultivar and crop load, but most often measures between 2.5-4 inches in diameter. The shape of the fruit is spherical to oblong, with a peel thickness between that of grape fruit and tangerine and is either smooth or roughly pebbly. The presence and amount of seed, depends also on the cultivar (Nwobi et al., 2006).
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.
1.2 Background of Study
The extraction and commercialization of these oils will reasonably enhance the profit status of most fruit juice making industries and encourage the sustenance of the cultivation of the seedy species of sweet orange fruits. The extraction and characterization of oils from fruit seeds have been carried out extensively, but not much data is available on the physio-chemical properties of the oil from the seed of African sweet orange, despite an initial attempt by some authors who worked on the seeds of orange and closely related lime seeds (Nwobi et al., 2006).
The chemical composition of the oil extract consequently gives a qualitative identification of oils and is a very important area in the selective application guide for the commercialization and utility of oil products. Fats and oils are also very important indigenous raw materials for many edibles and non-edible purposes (Abbas Ali et al., 2008).
Orange is from the citrus family, the fruit size varies with cultivar and crop load, but most often measures between 2.5-4 inches in diameter. The shape of the fruit is spherical to oblong, with a peel thickness between that of grape fruit and tangerine and is either smooth or roughly pebbly. The presence and amount of seed, depends also on the cultivar (Nwobi et al., 2006).
However in other to make a more efficient use of papaya and orange, it is worth investigating the use of the seeds as a source of oil. The extraction and use of vegetable oil has for centuries played an important role in the manufacture of large number of industrial product and food items (puangir et al, 2005)
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a plant that grows wild in many parts of the tropics. Papaya is important for its fruit and it is cultivated mainly for this purpose (Puangsri et al., 2005). It varies in size, most are oblong, globular or round, often five angled and narrowed at the tip. The inside hollow of the fruit is lined with numerous dark grey seeds. The seeds of papaya and orange fruits are generally discarded. However, in order to make a more efficient use of papaya and orange, it is worth investigating the use of the seeds as a source of oil. The extraction and use of vegetable oils has for centuries played an important role in the manufacture of a large number of industrial products and food items (Puangsri et al., 2005).
Kar and Mital (1999) reported that shea butter is a natural fat obtained from the seeds of the shea tree Butyrespermum parkii. The shea butter fat was extracted from the seeds with various organic solvents, namely petroleum ether, n-hexane, chloroform and benzene. It was concluded that these solvents, particularly petroleum ether and n hexane, could be used for the extraction of shea butter that is free from any oxidized fat and colouring impurities. Akpan et al. (1999) carried out extraction, characterization and modification of castor seed oil and reported that tested parameters which include specific gravity, refractive index, acid value, saponifiation value and iodine value for both crude and refined castor oil produced were of good quality. In fact the iodine value obtained (84.8) for the refined oil indicates that the oil could certainly be used as a lubricant, hydraulic brake fluid and protecting coatings (Kyari, 2008).
Oil yielding crop plants are actually very important for economic growth of agricultural sector. The oilseeds containing unusual fatty acids are very important for industry; they can be used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, detergents, soaps, textiles, surfactants (Hosamani and Sattigeri, 2000). On the other hand, no oil from a single source has been found to be suitable for all purposes because oils from different sources generally differ in their composition. This requires the search for new sources of novel oils. Several plants are now growing, not only for food and fodder, but also for a striking range of products with an industrial application (Miladi et al., 2007).
Therefore, in Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the Extraction and Characterization of Orange Seed and Pawpaw Seed Oil.
1.3 Statement of Problem
Orange seeds, African pear and paw paw seeds are normally discarded and assumed to be a waste product, but the oil from the seed of paw paw, pear and orange has been reported to be useful in pharmaceutical industries, consumerist soaps, textile and detergent industries. These has promoted for a research work to be carried out on the extraction of oil from the seed of paw paw and orange.
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to determine the Extraction and Characterization process of Orange Seed and Pawpaw Seed Oil. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To determine the nutritive value of orange seed and compare the physicochemical properties of oils extracted from Orange Seed and Pawpaw Seed Oil
- To investigate the use of the seeds as a source of oil and also diversify the uses of this oils thereby increasing earnings for local farmers as well as encouraging cultivation of Orange and Pawpaw.
- To expand the knowledge of fatty acid composition of Orange and Pawpaw seed oil, and evaluating its potential application in synthesis of surface coating driers.
1.5 Significance of Study
This will help to diversify the uses of this oils thereby increasing earnings for local farmers as well as encouraging cultivation of Orange Seed, African Pear and Pawpaw Seed. This study will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.
1.6 Scope of Study
The study focuses on the Extraction and Characterization of Orange Seed and Pawpaw Seed Oil. The orange seeds, African pear and pawpaw seeds were collected from homes within the University of Benin (UNIBEN).
1.7 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
- Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet).
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
Procedure for Downloading the PDF (Docx) Material
Extraction and Characterization of Orange Seed and Pawpaw Seed Oil can be downloaded by requesting the full set of materials at the project or seminar cost. The document will be sent via Microsoft Word (MS-Word) format via WhatsApp (e-mail) following payment confirmation.
| Seminar Material Cost ₦3,000 | Project Material Cost ₦5,000 |
Request Complete Material
 | Click here to request the Complete Material via WhatsApp including;
|
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Extraction and Characterization of Orange Seed and Pawpaw Seed Oil" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Can the material for “Genetic Evaluation of Performance and Blood Biochemistry” be used as a guide for Linguistics and Communication Project?
Yes it can be used — A study was conducted in a Northern Guinea Savannah region to evaluate the growth, reproductive and blood biochemistry parameters of parents and their offspring in Japanese quail. A total of two hundred and twenty Day-old chicks (DOC) were used in the base generation and six hundred and thirty DOC were used in the first generation. A digital scale of sensitivity (0.01 g) was used to take the weights. The body measurements taken were the 4-week body weight (BW4), 8-week body weight (BW8), overall average growth rate (Agr) and relative growth rate (Rgr). The reproductive parameters studied were the age at sexual maturity (ASM), weight at sexual maturity (WtAsm), egg weight at sexual maturity (EgAsm), average egg weight (Aveg), egg laid …
Can the material for “The Impact of Organisational Structure of Commercial Bank on Efficient Customer Service” be used as a guide for Banking and Finance (BF) Project?
Yes it can be used — This research is a study aimed at finding the main causes of customers of commercial banks to be prompt wherever they are in their current or saving accounts or withdrawing cash from their savings account balances or cash cheque in their current account balance. Consequent upon this, it will determine the impact balance of the organizational structure of commercial banks on efficient customer services. In other words, this pieces of research work goes to determine whether the organizational structure of commercial banks service in Nigeria especially First Bank (Nig) Plc. This research was restricted to (4) four branches each in three states Lagos Both interview and questionnaires, method of data gathering were used. This categories of sample were used in …
Can the material for “Teachers’ Perception of Their Public Image and It’s Influence on the Students’ Achievement in Physics” be used as a guide for Education Project?
Yes it can be used — This study examined how the teachers’ perception of their public image influences the Achievement of Secondary School Physics Students in Lagos, Nigeria. The research design adopted was quasi-experimental of the pretest − post-test non-randomized control group. Purposive sampling was used to obtain a sample of three co-educational secondary schools. Each school provided one S.S.I and S.S. II class for the study. Two instruments were used in the study, the PhysicsAchievement Test (PAT) to measure students’ achievement and Teachers questionnaire to train the teachers in the experimental groups. The instrument was pilot tested to ascertain reliability. Also, there was no significant effect of gender on students ‘achievement in Physics although, females did better than males. Finally, there was no significant interaction effect …
Can this topic “Web Based Civil Service Performance Evaluation System” be used for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — Civil Service Performance Evaluation System is an application software system that process, accept and organizes Civil Servants' data to information for managerial promotional decision making purpose. The aim of the study is to Design and Implement of Civil Service Performance Evaluation System. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to design and develop an application software that will: improve the promotion process of Civil Servants, who are normally stagnated in one grade level for many years, help curb the malpractice encountered in the preparation of staff seniority list and nominal rolls, and ensure that the service commissions will always have a stand by record of its entire staff installed in its computers for easy access and …
Can the material for “The Roles of Banks in International Trade” be used as a guide for Banking and Finance (BF) Project?
Yes it can be used — This project work has critically highlighted the compact of the Role of Banks International Trade in Nigeria, the problems affecting the Role in Banks in international trade in Nigeria have been identified and how they can be controlled is also includes in the study and ways to solve them are inductive in the study. The work is organized into chapters to easy comprehension and deduction. Chapter one deals with the introduction, Background, statement of problems, purpose / objective of the study, significance of the study, limitations of the study and the definition of terms. Chapter two involves a review of related literature, international trade, roles, risk factor in international trade, major problems, trade restriction major and international trade problems. This …
Is the topic “Social Media Usage and the Impact on the Academic Performance of Nursing Students” recommended for Nursing (Science) Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — The study was carried out to investigate the Impact of Social Media Usage on the Academic Performance of Nursing Students in Calabar Metropolis. Investigation revealed that nursing students' use of social media for friendship and conversation rather than reading their books will have an impact on their academic performance, as academic success is impossible for those who do not read. The research design used in this report is descriptive design, utilizing questionnaire method to obtain information from the respondents for this project. Primary data were collected from the primary source which questionnaire was used as an instrument of data collection while secondary data were sources from textbooks, journals, newspapers and the internet were employed. The data were presented on a …
Can the material for “Democratic Consolidation and the Emergency Challenges of Inconclusive Elections in Nigeria” be used as a guide for Political Science Project?
Yes it can be used — Inconclusive election has been a hydra-monster on Nigeria electoral process this is so due to many factors which attribute to the origination of the word inconclusive election. The aim of the study is to examine the Democratic Consolidation and the Emergency Challenges of Inconclusive Elections in Nigeria. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to ascertain the causes of inconclusive election in Nigeria, evaluate the effect of inconclusive election in the democratic process, ascertain the role of INEC towards eliminating inconclusive elections in Nigeria, and determine challenges facing INEC towards conducting credible elections in Nigeria. The research design used in this report is descriptive design, utilizing questionnaire method to obtain information from the respondents for this …
Can the material for “Impact of Government Expenditure on Economic Growth in Nigeria” be used as a guide for Economics Project?
Yes it can be used — The study was carried out to examine the Impact of Government Expenditure on Economic Growth in Nigeria. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to examine the impact of government capital expenditure on economic growth and investigate the effect of government recurrent expenditure on economic growth in the area under review. Investigation revealed that the rising government expenditure has not translated into meaningful improvement in the standard of living of the people as Nigeria ranks among the poorest countries in the world. Coupled with these, dilapidated infrastructures especially roads and power supply has led to the collapse of some local industries and migration of some multinational firms, which has escalated the unemployment rate in the country. …
Can the material for “Design and Implementation of an Online Personality Prediction through Curriculum Vitae (CV)” be used as a guide for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it can be used — Curriculum Vitae (CV) contain information which is written by the academic to signal their qualifications and academic achievements to employers, granting agencies, or promotion and tenure committees. The aim of the study is to design and implement an Online Personality Prediction through Curriculum Vitae (CV). In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows to develop an application software that will to conduct online aptitude and personality tests and reduce the human resource department’s workload and provide a more effective way of short-listing the persons that best fit the various positions in the organization. The motivation that led to the implementation of the proposed system is that there is a huge workload on the human resource …
Can this topic “Teacher’s View on Factors Influencing Computer Based Instruction in Teaching of Secondary School Agricultural Science” be used for Education Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — Information and communication technology (ICT) creates a powerful learning environment and it transforms the learning and teaching process in which students deal with knowledge in an active, self directed and constructive way. The aim of the study is to examine the Teacher's View on Factors Influencing Computer Based Instruction in Teaching of Secondary School Agricultural Science in Dom-Domingos College, Warri-South District. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were set out to establish the influence of adequacy of computers in the use of computer-based instruction in teaching secondary school agriculture in Dom-Domingos College, determine the preparedness of agriculture teachers to use computer based-instruction in teaching of agriculture in Dom-Domingos College, determine the influence of practical teaching approach on the …