EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ORANGE SEED, AFRICAN PEAR AND PAWPAW SEED OIL
ABSTRACT
The study determines the Extraction and Characterization process of Orange Seed, African Pear and Pawpaw Seed Oil. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to determine the nutritive value of orange seed and compare the physicochemical properties of oils extracted from orange seed, African pear and pawpaw seed oil, investigate the use of the seeds as a source of oil, African Pear and Pawpaw, and expand the knowledge of fatty acid composition of orange, African pear, and pawpaw seed oil, and evaluating its potential application in synthesis of surface coating driers. The seeds of pawpaw, African pear and orange are generally discarded. However, in order to make a more efficient use of pawpaw and orange, it is worth investigating the use of the seeds as a source of oil. In this work oil was extracted from the seeds of both pawpaw and orange. The specific gravity, iodine value, acid value, peroxide value, saponification value and moisture content of pawpaw seed oil were determined and the result are 0.85, 30.20, 47.12, 48.60, 79.38, and 0.18 respectively. Similarly, the following results were obtained for the orange seed oil; 0.47, 24.6, 51.40, 250.70, 194.24 and 6.43 respectively.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
The African black pear (Darcryodes edulis) also called African plum or bush butter is an indigenous fruit tree of tropical Africa. When in season, the fruit pulp constitutes an important and much cherished local delicacy. It is consumed after tenderizing the fresh fruit by either dipping it in hot water or in hot ash and consumed with or without corn in Nigeria (Scialert, 2021). The papaya is the plant Carica papaya, one of the 22 accepted species in the genus Carica of the family Caricaceae. Orange is from the citrus family, the fruit size varies with cultivar and crop load, but most often measures between 2.5-4 inches in diameter. The shape of the fruit is spherical to oblong, with a peel thickness between that of grape fruit and tangerine and is either smooth or roughly pebbly. The presence and amount of seed, depends also on the cultivar (Nwobi et al., 2006).
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.
1.2 Background of Study
The extraction and commercialization of these oils will reasonably enhance the profit status of most fruit juice making industries and encourage the sustenance of the cultivation of the seedy species of sweet orange fruits. The extraction and characterization of oils from fruit seeds have been carried out extensively, but not much data is available on the physio-chemical properties of the oil from the seed of African sweet orange, despite an initial attempt by some authors who worked on the seeds of orange and closely related lime seeds (Nwobi et al., 2006).
The chemical composition of the oil extract consequently gives a qualitative identification of oils and is a very important area in the selective application guide for the commercialization and utility of oil products. Fats and oils are also very important indigenous raw materials for many edibles and non-edible purposes (Abbas Ali et al., 2008).
Orange is from the citrus family, the fruit size varies with cultivar and crop load, but most often measures between 2.5-4 inches in diameter. The shape of the fruit is spherical to oblong, with a peel thickness between that of grape fruit and tangerine and is either smooth or roughly pebbly. The presence and amount of seed, depends also on the cultivar (Nwobi et al., 2006).
However in other to make a more efficient use of papaya and orange, it is worth investigating the use of the seeds as a source of oil. The extraction and use of vegetable oil has for centuries played an important role in the manufacture of large number of industrial product and food items (puangir et al, 2005)
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a plant that grows wild in many parts of the tropics. Papaya is important for its fruit and it is cultivated mainly for this purpose (Puangsri et al., 2005). It varies in size, most are oblong, globular or round, often five angled and narrowed at the tip. The inside hollow of the fruit is lined with numerous dark grey seeds. The seeds of papaya and orange fruits are generally discarded. However, in order to make a more efficient use of papaya and orange, it is worth investigating the use of the seeds as a source of oil. The extraction and use of vegetable oils has for centuries played an important role in the manufacture of a large number of industrial products and food items (Puangsri et al., 2005).
Kar and Mital (1999) reported that shea butter is a natural fat obtained from the seeds of the shea tree Butyrespermum parkii. The shea butter fat was extracted from the seeds with various organic solvents, namely petroleum ether, n-hexane, chloroform and benzene. It was concluded that these solvents, particularly petroleum ether and n hexane, could be used for the extraction of shea butter that is free from any oxidized fat and colouring impurities. Akpan et al. (1999) carried out extraction, characterization and modification of castor seed oil and reported that tested parameters which include specific gravity, refractive index, acid value, saponifiation value and iodine value for both crude and refined castor oil produced were of good quality. In fact the iodine value obtained (84.8) for the refined oil indicates that the oil could certainly be used as a lubricant, hydraulic brake fluid and protecting coatings (Kyari, 2008).
Oil yielding crop plants are actually very important for economic growth of agricultural sector. The oilseeds containing unusual fatty acids are very important for industry; they can be used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, detergents, soaps, textiles, surfactants (Hosamani and Sattigeri, 2000). On the other hand, no oil from a single source has been found to be suitable for all purposes because oils from different sources generally differ in their composition. This requires the search for new sources of novel oils. Several plants are now growing, not only for food and fodder, but also for a striking range of products with an industrial application (Miladi et al., 2007).
Therefore, in Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the Extraction and Characterization of Orange Seed, African Pear and Pawpaw Seed Oil.
1.3 Statement of Problem
Orange seeds, African pear and paw paw seeds are normally discarded and assumed to be a waste product, but the oil from the seed of paw paw, pear and orange has been reported to be useful in pharmaceutical industries, consumerist soaps, textile and detergent industries. These has promoted for a research work to be carried out on the extraction of oil from the seed of paw paw and orange.
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to determine the Extraction and Characterization process of Orange Seed, African Pear and Pawpaw Seed Oil. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To determine the nutritive value of orange seed and compare the physicochemical properties of oils extracted from orange seed, African pear and pawpaw seed oil
- To investigate the use of the seeds as a source of oil and also diversify the uses of this oils thereby increasing earnings for local farmers as well as encouraging cultivation of Orange, African Pear and Pawpaw.
- To expand the knowledge of fatty acid composition of orange, african pear, and pawpaw seed oil, and evaluating its potential application in synthesis of surface coating driers.
1.5 Significance of Study
This will help to diversify the uses of this oils thereby increasing earnings for local farmers as well as encouraging cultivation of Orange Seed, African Pear and Pawpaw Seed.
This study will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.
1.6 Scope of Study
The study focuses on the Extraction and Characterization of Orange Seed, African Pear and Pawpaw Seed Oil. The orange seeds, African pear and pawpaw seeds were collected from homes within the University of Benin (UNIBEN).
1.7 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
- Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet).
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
Procedure for Downloading the PDF (Docx) Material
Extraction and Characterization of Orange Seed, African Pear and Pawpaw Seed Oil can be downloaded by requesting the full set of materials at the project or seminar cost. The document will be sent via Microsoft Word (MS-Word) format via WhatsApp (e-mail) following payment confirmation.
| Seminar Material Cost ₦3,000 | Project Material Cost ₦5,000 |
Request Complete Material
 | Click here to request the Complete Material via WhatsApp including;
|
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Extraction and Characterization of Orange Seed, African Pear and Pawpaw Seed Oil" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Can this topic “The Role and Effectiveness of Professional Secretaries in Selected Government Parastatals” be used for Secretarial Administration Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — The study examined the roles and the effectiveness of professional secretaries within government parastatals, using Ministry of Agriculture and Environment as a study. The study adopted survey design using primary source of data with questionnaire as instrument of data collection. A total of 150 questionnaires were administered to level five to seven out of which 142 were duly filled and returned. Chi-square statistical method was used to verify the degree of significance of roles and level of effectiveness of Professional Secretaries. The result of the findings show succinctly those Professional secretaries are not effective in government parastatals. This was affirmed using respondents' opinion to research question one and the conclusion drawn from hypothesis one in which it was concluded that Professional …
Can the material for “The Role of Cooperative Societies and the Nigeria Economy” be used as a guide for Economics Project?
Yes it can be used — This sturdy is designed to look at the importance of cooperative societies in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State. The objectives of the study are to examine the history, functions, importance and the problems of cooperative societies in Oredo Local Government Area. It will also show how the people of Oredo associate themselves with the cooperative societies found in their area. The major research question of this study is that cooperative movement is spreading into various economic activities in the life of the people of Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State. it was found from the information gathered that a lot of handicaps such as lack of cooperative schools, lack of capital no mass campaign to various pars …
Can the material for “Effects of Strategic Planning as a Tool for the Growth and Survival of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises” be used as a guide for Business Administration and Management (BAM) Project?
Yes it can be used — The study was carried out to investigate the Effects of Strategic Planning as a Tool for the Growth and Survival of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows to: ascertain the effects of strategic planning as a tool in the growth and survival of SMEs in the country, measure the contribution of strategy planning in the enhancement of productivity and workers performance, identify the steps and processes that should be taken in implementing strategic planning in an organization, and identify the problems militating against the survival of SMEs in the country and make recommendations on how to solve these problems. Investigation revealed that the problem facing small and medium …
Can this topic “The Factors Affecting Assessment of Writing with Particular Reference to Teachers’ Feedback At SSS II Level” be used for Education Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — This study sought to assess the factors affecting the assessment of writing with particular reference to teachers’ feedback at SSS II Level. Seven research questions were formulated to guide the study. Relevant literatures were also cited. The study adopted descriptive survey research design and the population for this study comprised English teachers in selected schools in Yaba Local Government Area and Somolu /Bariga Local Government Area of Lagos state. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 12 senior secondary schools and 10 students from each school.4 teachers each were selected from 10 schools and 5 teachers each were selected from two schools. This brings the number of teachers to be 50 and the students to be 120. The instrument used …
Can the material for “Impact of Domestic Violence on the Girl Child” be used as a guide for Education Project?
Yes it can be used — Interest on the effects of domestic violence has increased recently. However, only a few studies have attended to its effects on the witnesses, that is, Nigerian young people in family setting particularly the girl child. This article examines the perceptions, experiences, and the various ways in which the occurrence of domestic violence have shaped the lives of Nigerian young girls. It uses data emerging from a survey with the use of questionnaire administered to 150 in-school and out of school young girls in bwari area council Abuja FCT to examine the effects of domestic violence on them. Findings suggest that the experiences of respondents exert considerable influence on their perceptions of violence, family life and significantly shaped their decision as relates …
Can the material for “Barriers to Internet and E-Commerce Use by Wood Products Export Firms in Ghana (Case Firms: Coppon Wood Processing Limited and Yenok Wood Products Limited)” be used as a guide for Business Administration and Management (BAM) Project?
Yes it can be used — Internet and e-commerce use for export marketing enables export firms to reach the mass and ensure profitability as it removes all geographical constraints, per-mits the instant establishment of virtual branches throughout the world, and al-lows direct and immediate foreign market entry to the smallest of businesses. To-day’s business life revolves around the internet and has made it compulsory for export firms to use and not an option to consider. However this is not the case of the wood export firms in Ghana. The purpose of thesis is to describe the Ghana wood industry, the internet, and e-commerce (with emphasis on business-to-business e-commerce), and explore the barriers the firms in this industry face in using e-commerce and discuss about the way forward …
Can the material for “A Study on Human Resources Development” be used as a guide for Business Administration and Management (BAM) Project?
Yes it can be used — The success of any organization largely depends on the effectiveness of its human resources. The need for reappraising the human resources training and development in our organization is apparent. To this extent, this research work tried to identify the problems associated with human resources development with a view to developing means for improving effectiveness and efficiency in human resources management. To deal with this task, there was a background study, statement of problem, purpose of the study and the significant of the study were all stated. A review of related literature was carried out to uncover the trend of event concerning human resources development. As a means of gathering data, a structured and close-ended questionnaire was designed, validated, reproduced and …
Can the material for “Effect of Bank Failure on Nigeria Economic Development” be used as a guide for Banking and Finance (BF) Project?
Yes it can be used — Effect of bank failure and economic development in Nigerian Banks occupy the most strategic point in the financial system of the economy for a total of bank to fait between 1992 to 2002 a space of four years, means that something definitely is wrong. This study is not antagonistic of any other rather it is complementary. Others works have to been used here and duty acknowledge but everything is with an intent to find a lasting solution to the issue of bank failure. The study will be base upon data collected through information sifted from books journals annuals, periodicals. All the relevant data obtain during the collection is going to be analyze generally ad used to deduce the findings. In the process of this …
Can the material for “Pension Reform Act of 2004 Analysis of It’s Impact on Nigerian Workers” be used as a guide for Insurance Project?
Yes it can be used — The main purpose of this write-up was to determine the impact of pension reform Act 2004 on the Image of pension Workers in Nigeria. The pension Reform Act 2004 was characterized by some problems like non-compliance, ignorance of the benefit of the pension reform act 2004 which has hinder the smooth administration of the reform act. The major findings of this study were the fact that pension is a series of benefits provided by government or former employer to a person who has come to end of his working life and that the existing pension prior to the enactment of the pension reform act 2004 was characterized by indebtedness and so was seen effective. The conclusion of the study show that …
Can the material for “Property Maintenance Culture in Obafemi Awolowo Teaching Hospital Complex” be used as a guide for Architecture Project?
Yes it can be used — Property maintenance is the required processes and service undertaken to preserve, protect, enhance and care for hospital building and services after completion in accordance with the prevailing standards to enable the building and services to serve their intended functions throughout their entire life span without drastically unsetting their basic features and use. The aim of the study is to investigate the Property Maintenance Culture in Obafemi Awolowo Teaching Hospital Complex. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to examine the level of maintenance culture employed in public infrastructure in Obafemi Awolowo Teaching Hospital Complex, and determine the attitude of Nigerians to maintenance culture of public infrastructure in Obafemi Awolowo Teaching Hospital Complex. The research design used …