ECOLOGY OF TICKS (ACARINA IXODIDAE) ON CATTLE
ABSTRACT
The study on ecology of ticks on cattle was carried out in Nnamdi Azikiwe University (UNIZIK) Awka and environs, where cattle-grazing occurred continuously. Eighty cattle and twenty 40m2 quadrats were conventionally sampled for ticks in UNIZIK between April 2009 and March 2012. The 608 ticks recovered from cattle comprised 386 (63.5%) in Wet Season and 222 (36.5%) in Dry Season while the 1441 from pasture comprised 851 (59.1%) in Wet Season and 590 (40.9%) in Dry Season. Genera of ticks on the sampled cattle during respective Wet and Dry Seasons were Amblyomma 78 (20.2%) & 37 (16.7%), Boophilus 84 (21.8%) & 43 (19.4%), Hyalomma 135 (34.9%) & 84 (37.8%), and Rhipicephalus 89 (23.1%) & 58 (26.1%). Amblyomma species were recovered from practically all parts of cattle, Boophilus and Rhipicephalus species were commonly found around head and trunk regions while Hyalomma species were recovered mainly from the limbs and adjoining lower parts of the body.
NIKE AIR MAX 2017 HEREN DAME LOVERS ZWART WIT Average tick burdens were 77.2 ticks/head (Wet Season) and 44.4 ticks/head (Dry Season), with the Wet and Dry Seasons compositions as Amblyomma (15.6 and 7.4), Boophilus (16.8 and 8.6), Hyalomma (27 & 16.8), and Rhipicephalus (17.8 & 11.6). Nike Air Max 90 Dames Female to male Sex ratio of the adult ticks was 1: 1.68 (Wet Season) and 1: 1.66 (Dry Season). For the genera, the Wet and Dry Seasons female to male ratios were Amblyomma 1: 1.53 & 1: 1.54, Boophilus 1: 1. 98 & 1: 1.8, Hyalomma 1: 1.68 & 1: 1.64, and Rhipicephalus 1: 1.58 & 1: 1.7. Differences in sex ratios among the genera were not significant (P>0.05) but sexual dimorphism occurred, with males being smaller than females.
Air Max 2016 Dames Goedkoop Mean abundance of ticks on the sampled quadrats were 42.5 (Wet Season) and 29.5 (Dry Season), comprising Amblyomma (19.5 and 10.8), Boophilus (10.0 and 9.4), Hyalomma (3.5 and 3.5), and Rhipicephalus (9.5 and 5.8). Larvae of Boophilus, larvae and adults of Hyalomma, and all forms of Amblyomma and Rhipicephalus were found on sampled quadrats, thus confirming the statuses of Boophilus as 1-host tick, Hyalomma as 2-host tick, with Amblyomma and Rhipicephalus as 3-host ticks. Average Wet Season densities (ticks/m2) on respective locations of ‘very high’, ‘high’, ‘moderate’, ‘low’, and ‘very low’ intensity-of-cattle activities were 1.66, 0.9, 0.98, 0.49, and 0.82 (P<0.05). Similarly,
Dry Season densities (ticks/m2) on these locations were 1.52, 0.9, 0.49, 0.10, and 0.00 respectively (P<0.05). Abundance of ticks on quadrats had direct relationship with the spatial ranking of intensity of cattle activities on the sampled location. Nike Air Max 2016 Heren Amblyomma species was dominant in UNIZIK, and there were significant differences (P<.05) between the respective Wet and Dry Seasons Indices of Dominance calculated for Amblyomma species in the ‘very high’ intensity of cattle activity location were 0.1940 & 0.1320, ‘high’ (0.2570 & 0.1420), ‘moderate’ (0.2338 & 0.1326), ‘low’ (0.1377 & 0.1250), and ‘very low’ (0.2462 & 0.0). However, Hyalomma species was found to be the most dominant species on cattle sampled in UNIZIK. It was inferred that cattle introduced these ticks into UNIZIK. Nike Air Max 90 CamouflagDame The genera of ticks in UNIZIK are well-known vectors of disease pathogens in sub-Saharan Africa and Nigeria. Result of this study will help to fill the gap on the knowledge of the diversity, abundance and dynamics of ticks in UNIZIK, as well as increase public health awareness on the hazards associated with ticks.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
… This chapter will address the background information that motivated this study, the challenges that prompted it, its aim, and its objectives as a preface to subsequent sections of the study. Additional factors include the study's significance, scope, limitations, research questions and hypotheses, and the definition of technical terms.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
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