CHARACTERIZATION AND ISOLATION OF BACTERIA FROM FOOD VENDORS

ABSTRACT

Food vendors feed urban dwellers daily by providing them with a cheap and easily accessible variety of foods. The study was carried out to isolate and identify Bacteria from Food Vendors. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to isolate and identify bacterial species associated with food contamination, determine the microbial load of isolated bacteria and establish the public health implication of consumption of such foods. All the screened food samples had varying levels of bacterial growth ranging from 1.0 X 105 to 3.0 X 106 cfu/ml. ninety percent of the sampled foods had bacterial counts above the acceptable limits (104 cfu/ml) and 10% of the samples had bacterial counts less than (<104 cfu/ml). Six bacterial species were isolated from the foods sampled. Staphylococcus arueus, Bacillus cereus, Vibrio spp, Salmonella spp, Escherichia coli and Shigella spp, More than one pathogenic micro organism were isolated from jollof rice and water leaf. Primary data were collected from the primary source which questionnaire was used as an instrument of data collection while secondary data were sources from textbooks, journals, newspapers and the internet were employed. This study will be of immense benefit to food technologist, food vendors and other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study. Based on the findings, it was recommended that vendors should ensure to clean food surface and equipment, especially after handling raw foods, keep raw and already to eat foods separate, cook food properly and store food in a safe place away from insects and wash utensils and surfaces before and after use with hot, soapy water.

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

Food vendors feed urban dwellers daily by providing them with a cheap and easily accessible variety of foods. Despite the fact that it plays an important role, food vending operates in a wobbly situation. Attitude of urban authorities towards food vendors are root causes of precarious state of food vending (Mramba, 2015). However, as a sector that provides self-employment, there have been noticeable increases of food vendors in cities of developing countries. Currently, food vendors sell both raw and cooked foodstuffs (Kinabo, 2003). Food vending plays an imperative role in the cities of many developing countries. It attempts to meet the food demands of the urban dwellers (Asiedu et al., 2008; Lorenco Lindell, 2002; Mensah, et al., 2002). Majority of food vendors do not have garbage and waste closer to their food stalls. Some food vendors do not neither cover their heads nor wear aprons and lastly some street food vendors do not examine their health regularly.

As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.

1.2 Background of Study

Food is any substance that people or animal eat or drink or that plants absorb to maintain life and growth. Food is any substance consumed for nutritional support for the body; it is usually of plant or animal origin. (Ezeronye, 2007). Food consists of chemical compounds which heterophilic living thing consumes in order to carry out metabolic processed. They are also substances which when introduced to the digestive system under normal circumstances contribute to growth, repair and production of energy.

Majority of food vendors do not have garbage and waste closer to their food stalls. Some food vendors do not neither cover their heads nor wear aprons and lastly some street food vendors do not examine their health regularly. Street food vendors are not aware of hygienic and sanitary practice. Attitude, shortage of resources, and lack of good relations between food vendors and urban authorities hinders effective enforcement of food vending regulations (Mramba, 2015).

A vendor is a person selling something (Wikipedia, 2021). The world Health Organization (WHO) Indicated that food-borne diseases most of which are of microbial origin are perhaps the most widespread problems in the contemporary world and this is responsible for about one third of death worldwide, through infectious conditions with adverse effects can reduce economic productivity. Poor sanitary condition in most of the local markets and the environment being highly polluted and charged with spoilage and pathogenic flora is likely the source of contamination of food items sold by such vendors (Oweghe et al., 2001). It is known that poor hygienic conditions in a food environment may encourage the multiplication of pathogenic organisms in food (Egeonu, 2002). It has been observed that Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus grow to oxygenic levels in food at 300c (Egeonu, 2003). Therefore microbiological examination of foods and food contact surfaces may provide information concerning the quality of the raw food, and the sanitary conditions under which the food is processed (Michael et al; 2004).

Categorically, there is regulated and unregulated food vending. Unregulated food vending operates haphazardly without any monitoring mechanisms on what they prepare and sell and how they prepare and sell and how they do adhere to public health regulations. In some cities, food vendors lack knowledge on food preparation. Currently, food vendors acquired knowledge on proper food vending through informal systems (Mramba, 2015; Lyons and Snoxell, 2005). Utensils used for the preparation of raw foods are not properly and regularly washed. Already cooked foods in cupboards, plastic bowls, jugs and buckets are always uncovered thus increasing possibility of contamination (Muinde and Kuria, 2005; Mwangi, 2002; Onyangoet al. ,2012; Riet, 2002; Muhonja and Kimathi2014; Tillerman, 2012).

Microorganisms live throughout the kitchen and can easily move around by attaching themselves to people easily move around by attaching themselves to people, food and equipment. Bacteria may pass from equipment to food which has not been properly cleaned and sanitized before being used to prepare another food. This implies that the food to be consumed by humans should be pure and free from contamination especially by pathogenic and spoilage micro organisms. Failure to ensure the safety and wholesomeness of the food consumed by the public might lead to some illness. To reduce contamination by microorganisms to a minimum level, and obtain good keeping quality of the products, the raw materials should regularly be monitored and examined.

Food contacts surfaces are a major concern for food service facilities in controlling the spread of food-borne pathogens, surfaces such as bench tops, table, etc. may have bacterial on them from contact with people, raw foods, dirty equipments or other things such as cartons that have been stored on the floor. If the bench tops are not properly cleaned, any food on them will be contaminated by the bacterial (Kamil, 2005).

Therefore, in Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the Characterization and Isolation of Bacteria from Food Vendors.

1.3 Statement of Problems

Investigation revealed that some foods are manufactured as packaged foods such as prepared meat, fried fish, fruits pickling and juices, beverages, chocolate products, potato chips, etc., which involve salting, curing, curdling, drying, pickling, fermenting, and smoking to prepare these foods which are available in many restaurants and food shops, and usually consumed in most of the cultures. However, sometimes these foods can be a cause of illness, even death due to possible contamination or adulteration. The WHO estimates that almost 1 in 10 people fall ill from eating contaminated foods and causes 420,000 deaths every year globally, where about 30% are children under the age of 5 (WHO, 2015a, 2015b).

1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study

The aim of the study is to isolate and identify Bacteria from Food Vendors. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:

To isolate and identify bacterial species associated with food contamination.
To determine the microbial load of isolated bacteria.
To establish the public health implication of consumption of such foods.

1.5 Research Questions

The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:

What are the bacterial species associated with food contamination?
What are the microbial loads of isolated bacteria?
What are the public health implications of consumption of such foods?

1.6 Significance of Study

This study will be of immense benefit to food technologist, food vendors and other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.

1.7 Scope of Study

The scope of the research is focused on the Characterization and Isolation of Bacteria from Food Vendors.

1.8 Limitations of the Study

During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:

Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet).

…

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRELIMINARY PAGES

Title page
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background …
⋮
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
⋮
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Introduction
⋮
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Results
⋮
4.3 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Summary
5.3 Conclusion
5.4 Recommendation
REFERENCES

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