ALTERNATIVE TO FISH MEAL IN POULTRY PRODUCTION
ABSTRACT
Fish meal is a well known source of true protein with high biological value in the nutrition of monogastric animals. Except for highly essential amino acid content, this feedstuff also has a good balance of unsaturated fatty acids, high content of certain mineralsand vitamins (A, D, B-complex). The study investigates the Alternative to Fish Meal in Poultry Production. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to find out the alternative to Fish Meal processing and packaging during Poultry Production and evaluate the effects of high levels of soybean and sunflower meal as a fish meal substitute in livestock (poultry) rations on health and production results. The problem of fish in Nigeria however, is its high rate of perishability especially since the relative ease of preservation is not readily attainable, hence the difficulty in handling. Data used in this work is derived primary from secondary sources. The methodology therefore, is basically documentary in nature. This involves learning new facts and principles through the study of documents and records. The documents and records include journals, textbooks, newspapers, magazines, official publications etc. By putting together logically evidence derived from documents and records. Conclusion which either established facts hitherto unknown or sound generalization can be obtained. This study will be of immense benefit to researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
Fish meal is a well known source of true protein with high biological value in the nutrition of monogastric animals. Except for highly essential amino acid content, this feedstuff also has a good balance of unsaturated fatty acids, high content of certain minerals (available phosphorus) and vitamins (A, D, B-complex). However, there is a number of unfavourable characteristics which present limiting factors in fish meal usage. It is also well known fact that fish meal, as a protein-rich feedstuff, is very sensitive to storage conditions.
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.
1.2 Background of Study
Fish is a vertebrate animal, living in fresh and seawater. It is one of the main sources of animal protein foods available for human consumption. Most of the catch comes from oceans, seas, rivers and lately from man-made ponds. It is a highly nutritious food of about 60-80% water, 15-25% protein, 11-22% fat, 20% mineral and 1% carbohydrate. It is often cheaper than meat and so it is a rich protein source for both the poor and the wealthy.
In Nigeria, fish and fish products constitute more than 60% of the total protein intake in adults, especially in the rural areas, and they supply a good balance of protein, vitamins and minerals. Fish has a caloric content of relatively 10%, which enhances its value, as well as its role in the nation’s nutrition (Akinneye et al., 2007).
Consumption of fish and fish products is recommended due to good digestibility and the high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Fishes are a rich source of protein commonly consumed as an alternative source of protein due to the higher cost of meat and other sources of animal protein (Oluwaniyi and Dosumu, 2009). Fish has lower cholesterol content when compared with meat and thus often recommended for consumption especially among the adult population (Harris, 1997).
The marine fish is generally cheaper and more abundant when compared with fresh water fishes, which are relatively more expensive in Nigeria (Oluwaniyi and Dosumu, 2009). Fish is a highly perishable food and so, many strategies have been developed to limit its spoilage (Gómez-Estaca et al., 2009). According to KumoluJohnson et al. (2010) various food preservation techniques have been utilized to improve the microbial safety and extend the shelf-life of fish in general including freezing, chemical preservation, salting, smoking, frying and filleting. However, smoking is the most popular method of Fish meal processing (Bako, 2004).
Food is considered to be microbiologically unsafe owing to the presence of microorganisms which may invade human body (e.g Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, etc) and also those that produce toxins ingested with a food such as Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium botulinum and Bacilus cereus (Ofred, 2009).
Contamination of fish and other fishery products by microbes has been a serious threat to human health. There are four main factors responsible for fish spoilage once it is out of its natural habitat (water) and these include: Autolysis which usually precedes bacterial spoilage and involves the breakdown of protein and lipids to amino acids and fats by muscle enzymes. The activity of microorganism is another factor which uses the amino acid produced by autolysis for proliferation. Others are chemical deterioration and insect attack which cause considerable deterioration.
Therefore, in Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the Alternative to Fish Meal in Poultry Production.
1.3 Statement of Problems
For the last fifteen years consumers’ fears which arose as a result of the incidence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy has to be taken into account as a limiting factor in the use of feedstuffs of animal origin. Due to this fact, feed manufacturing has to increase the usage of well known alternative sources of protein.
The problem of fish in Nigeria however, is its high rate of perishability especially since the relative ease of preservation is not readily attainable, hence the difficulty in handling. Generally, the different preservation methods are: drying, smoking, freezing, chilling and brining but the common method in Nigeria is smoking (Akinola et al., 2006).
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to investigate the Alternative to Fish Meal in Poultry Production. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To find out the alternative to Fish Meal processing and packaging during Poultry Production
- To evaluate the effects of high levels of soybean and sunflower meal as a fish meal substitute in livestock (poultry) rations on health and production results.
1.5 Significance of Study
This study will be of immense benefit to researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.
1.6 Scope of Study
The study focuses on the investigation of the alternative to fish meal in Nigeria poultry production.
1.7 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
- Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet).
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
Procedure for Downloading the PDF (Docx) Material
Alternative to Fish Meal in Poultry Production can be downloaded by requesting the full set of materials at the project or seminar cost. The document will be sent via Microsoft Word (MS-Word) format via WhatsApp (e-mail) following payment confirmation.
| Seminar Material Cost ₦3,000 | Project Material Cost ₦5,000 |
Request Complete Material
 | Click here to request the Complete Material via WhatsApp including;
|
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Alternative to Fish Meal in Poultry Production" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Is the topic “Challenges and Prospect of Private Maritime Security Companies in Nigeria Maritime Environment” recommended for Maritime and Transport Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — Private Maritime security is the protection of vessel both internally and externally. The areas from which ships and maritime operations need protecting include terrorism, piracy, robbery, illegal trafficking of people, illegal fishing and pollution. The study appraises the Challenges and Prospect of Private Maritime Security Companies in Nigeria Maritime Environment using Port Harcourt to Bonny Island Waterways as a case study. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to analyze the importance of an effective Nigerian Private Maritime Security Companies and the various challenges faced by it, explore the rationale for the importance of Nigerian Private Maritime Security Companies and determine the international aspect constraints that may hinder Nigerian Private Maritime Security Companies. The research design …
Can the material for “Manpower Recruitment and Selection Strategy in a Manufacturing firm” be used as a guide for Business Administration and Management (BAM) Project?
Yes it can be used — The topic of the study is on manpower recruitment and selection strategies in a manufacturing firm, a study of Rock Tama Spring Water Company, Nanka. The researcher used oral interview and questionnaires to gather data. Data so far collected were analyzed using simple average and percentage techniques. Thus were the findings; the observation was that the company depends mostly on internal source of recruitment; Rock Tama Spring Water company does not allow new blood from entering the organization. Low products and high turnover are major problems of recruitment and selection strategies in manufacturing firms. Unstructured interview on employees also contribute to improper manpower recruitment and selection strategies in Rock Tama. The company makes use of unskilled labor which has disadvantages …
Can the material for “Comparative Assessment of the Antimicrobial Potency of the Three Most Popular Antibiotics in Enugu” be used as a guide for Public Health Project?
Yes it can be used — Antibiotics are chemicals when the chemical are put into the body, they stop the growth of kinds of germs. The study was carried out to assess the Antimicrobial Potency of the Three Most Popular Antibiotics in Enugu. In achieving this aim, the following objectives were laid out to identify causative organism that are delectious to man’s health and determine the potency of the different antibiotics. Due to the problem encountered in Enugu Urban (obiagu), most people abuse antibiotics owing to the general belief that antibiotics can be used in the treatment of all kinds of diseases. This can result to drug resist. Accumulation of these drugs can lead to internal denage. Hence this study which compares the antimicrobial strength of …
Can the material for “Principal’s Management Behaviour and Examination Malpractice” be used as a guide for Education Project?
Yes it can be used — The topic of the research is principal management behavior and examination malpractice in secondary schools in Lagos. The researcher used survey design in the study. The population of the study was five hundred comprising of ten selected senior secondary. The sample size was two hundred and fifty, twenty five from each of the schools selected for the study. The research used both the primary and secondary sources of data in the course of study. The primary data were collected through the instrument of questionnaire. The secondary data from text books, journals, magazines and internet. The data collected was analyzed using simple percentage and frequency with the help of SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science). The hypotheses were tested using Pearson …
Can the material for “Role of Women in Political Mobilization of Nigerian Women” be used as a guide for Political Science Project?
Yes it can be used — The objective of the study is to ascertain the role the radio place in the political mobilization of Nigerian women. Factors like radio, interpersonal communication, exposure, objectively and sycophancy were examined to impact on the effectiveness of radio political news in mobilizing Nigerian women. Relevant theories and the literature that constitutions the basic frame work of the study were examined. Data collected were analyzed in order to determine the effects of these factors on the effectiveness of the radio political news in mobilizing these women. From the finds, it is observed that radio political news has influence in mobilizing women, it motivated their political opinion and attitude, leads them to political formation and although they tend not to see the news being …
Can the material for “Four Bedroom Senior Staff Quarters Design and Construction with Facilities” be used as a guide for Art and Design Project?
Yes it can be used — This project research is examine the effective direction of a proposed four bedroom senior quarters with facilities, the building identifies the various processes and stages that are involved and the stage of planning and execution which involves viability and feasibility study, including soil and site analysis, step plan and architectural working drawing, writing of construction programmed, and taking off, the use of the above documents in respect with its processes of actualization analysis inclusive the processes of planning and controlling with the construction site. …
Can the material for “Corruption in the Novels of Adaobi Nwaubani Tricia’s I Do Not Come to You by Chance and Labo Yari’s the Climate of Corruption” be used as a guide for English Language Project?
Yes it can be used — Corruption refers to any act of practice which is deviant to the norm of a given society. It signifies a form of behaviour that departs from morality, ethics, tradition, law and civic virtue. The study was carried out to examine the Corruption in the Novels of Adaobi Nwaubani Tricia's I Do Not Come to You by Chance and Labo Yari's the Climate of Corruption. Investigation revealed that scholars have shown great deal of interest in the problems of corruption. Scholars have been equally pre-occupied with the work of literature and re-interpretation of the work by examining and re-examining of matters related to the social development of the country. Corruption has long been harmful and dangerous to the development of Nigeria …
Can this topic “The Consequences of Capital Adequacy on the Performances of Banks in the Face of Global Financial Crises” be used for Banking and Finance (BF) Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — The study scrutinizes the Effect of Capital Adequacy on the Performances of Banks in the Face of Global Financial Crises. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to investigate on the role bank adequate capital plays in the industrial growth and economy development in Nigeria in the face of global financial crises, determine the effect of capital adequacy on bank performance and on the depositors, and enumerate factors that are affecting of bank capital and possible solutions to them. Bank performance is the importance of banks is more pronounced in developing countries because financial markets are usually under developed and banks are considered the merely major source of finance for the majority of firms and are …
Is the topic “The Evaluation of the Effects of Transportation Problems in the Distribution of Goods and Services” recommended for Business Administration and Management (BAM) Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — This research “Evaluation of Transportation Problems and their effects on Distribution of Goods and Services (A Study of Aguata Local Government Area, Anambra State)” aimed to identify the numerous obstacles that have militated against the growth of distribution of goods and services in Aguata local government area. The research is equally targeted at discovering the solutions of distribution of goods and services throughout transportation mean. This research is also aim at proffering recommendations as to the possible mean by which the problem of transportation and distribution of goods and service can be eliminated as a tool for distribution growth. This research also helps to improve the predictive power in business by offering relevant solution to the problems of transportation and …
Can the material for “Drug Abuse and Misuse Among Young Persons” be used as a guide for Education Project?
Yes it can be used — This study was conducted to find out some of the effects of drug abuse and misuse among youths or young persons in Karo behavioral center fact Abuj, FCT Abuja state. The population comprised youths around the geo-graphical location of the stud, which were randomly selected from the mixed pear in the local government. The sample from the population comprises two hundred and fifty-158 males and 92 females. The instrument used for the study consisted of thirty (15) items of a questionnaire focusing on drug abuse and misuse among the youths in North Local Government Area of Abjua. The data collected was analysed using t-test. two null hypothesis were tested at 0.05 level of significance. Result of findings were discussed. Recommendations …