ASSESSING THE POTENTIAL FOR LOW COST FORMULATED DIETS FOR MUD CRAB AQUACULTURE IN NIGERIA
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background To The Study
Global demand for mud crabs has risen over the past decade, led by expanding wealthier markets such as those in Asia, America and parts of Africa. This demand has largely been met by exploitation of wild stocks, causing many to go into decline. Current trends in these fisheries suggest this exploitation is unsustainable. This situation continues to be exacerbated by rising demand for seafood. Mud crabs (Scylla species) are widely distributed across the West Africa sub-region, mainly in coastal and estuarine areas, making them ideal for fishing. This does also make them highly suitable for aquaculture, providing some barriers to production can be overcome.
Past researches has developed laboratory-scale technologies for hatching crabs from larvae, a first step in aquaculture development. Large-scale hatchery production is now under way where a leading centre for crab aquaculture has been established especially in advanced countries of the world.Until diets suitable for crab grow-out can be formulated, based on meeting their nutritional needs, further advances will be limited. Most aquaculture of crabs uses ‘trash-fish’ collected from marine inshore areas or mussel meat from intertidal areas. This can damage these environments and not all feed is likely to be consumed, fouling hatchery ponds. Growing exploitation of trash-fish is also leading to declining numbers, threatening the viability of aquaculture.
A cost-effective replacement diet is needed to ensure the benefits gained to date are not lost. Species identification of mud crab has been controversial, and for many years only one species in the genus Scylla was recognized (Fuseya, 1998). Based on genetic and morphological discoveries, however, Keenan (1999) identified four species form the genus Scylla and revised their taxonomic nomenclature as S. serrata, S. olivacea, S. paramamosain and S. tranquebarica. Among the four mud crab species, S. serrata has the widest distribution range, and is commonly found from southern Africa to Tahiti, including the northern half of Australia, north to Okinawa, and south to the Bay of Islands in New Zealand (Keenan, 1999). S. serrata is exploited throughout its range, and in Nigeria it is estimated to accounts for 95% of the total mud crab harvest (DPI&F, 2007).
One of the main challenges for mud crab hatcheries is the lack of appropriate larval diets. Seed production of most aquatic animals, including Scylla spp., relies on live foods such as rotifers and Artemia nauplii (Hamasaki, 2003), as these live foods have several beneficial characteristics; they are slow swimmers, available in different sizes and are hardy enough to be suitable for mass culturing (Verischele, 1989). From a nutritional perspective, however, rotifers and Artemia are far from ideal, as they show nutritional inconsistency depending on source, age and culture technique (Tucker, 1992). They also lack certain highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) essential for growth and survival of marine larvae (Southgate, 2003), and they are known to be a vector for introduction of pathogens into the larvae culture (Person-Le Ruyet, 1990).
To overcome the nutritional deficiency it is common practice to ‘enrich’ live foods to enhance their levels of important HUFA, particularly decosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA), prior to introduction to the larval rearing tanks (Southgate and Lou, 1995). This practice results in increased growth and survival of larvae for many species and has been viewed as a solution to the nutritional deficiency problem associated with the live prey. However, recent experiments conducted on the effectiveness of this enrichment method has shown that despite elevated HUFA levels in Artemia following enrichment, these fatty acids may not be readily available to crustacean larvae. For example, a study conducted on the larvae of rock lobster, Panulirus Cygnus showed that DHA in tissue of larvae fed enriched Artemia was low compared to the level in Artemia itself, indicating that crustacean larvae have a limited ability to absorb DHA directly from Artemia (Liddy et al., 2004). This may be linked to Artemia ’s ability to metabolize dietary DHA for energy (Danielsen et al., 1995) or alternatively, DHA is being convert to EPA in Artemia shortly after enrichment (Han et al., 2001).
Live foods production in aquaculture hatcheries is further disadvantaged by the need for specialized personnel, dedicated equipment and facilities, and the need for micro-algae culture as a food source for the live food culture. On this basis, live prey production may account for 50-75% of the total running costs of aquaculture hatcheries (Dainteath and Quin, 1991). Finally, as Artemia cysts are collected from the wild environment they are subject to an inconsistent supply, unpredictable prices and varying quality. These factors influence the sustainability of the use of Artemia as a food source and may present a serious bottleneck for the global aquaculture industry in the coming years (Lavens and Sorgeloos, 2000).
1.2 Statement Of The Problem
In response to the problems associated with the use of live foods in the aquaculture of mud crabs, research into the development of alternative diets has become increasingly important. Several different types of formulated diet particles with potential for use with mud crab larvae have been developed. These are better known as microparticulate diets and have commonly been categorized as either micro encapsulated diets (MED) or microbound diets (MBD) (Kanazawa, 1986).
Although less common, commercial larval foods are also available as microcoated diets (MCD), flakes, granulated foods and liquid foods (lipid walled capsules). A shared advantage of these formulated diet particles is that unlike live foods, the size and composition of micro particulate diet particle can be adjusted to suit the exact requirements of the various species and the different larval stages, the cost cannot be said to that low. However, this study is assessing the potential for low cost formulated diets for mud crab aquaculture in Nigeria.
1.3 Aim and Objectives Of The Study
The aim of the study is to assess the Potential for Low Cost Formulated Diets for Mud Crab Aquaculture in Nigeria. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To examine the potential for low cost formulated diets for mud crab aquaculture in Nigeria.
- To examine the nutritional constituents of a low cost formulated diet for mud crab.
- To identify the effect of low cost formulated diets on the productivity of mud crab aquaculture.
1.4 Research Questions
The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:
- What are the potential for low cost formulated diets for mud crab aquaculture in Nigeria?
- What are the nutritional constituents of a low cost formulated diet for mud crab?
- What is the effect of low cost formulated diets on the productivity of mud crab aquaculture?
1.5 Significance Of The Study
The following are the significance of this study:
- This study will provide a clear understanding to fish farmers on approaches of assessing the potential for low cost formulated diets for mud crab aquaculture in Nigeria. It will also educate on the nutritional benefits of low cost formulated diets for mud crab.
- This research will be a contribution to the body of literature in the area of the effect of personality trait on student’s academic performance, thereby constituting the empirical literature for future research in the subject area.
1.6 Scope Of The Study
The scope of this research is focused on the assessment of the Potential for Low Cost Formulated Diets for Mud Crab Aquaculture in Nigeria
1.7 Limitation Of Study
During the course of this study, there were some problems encountered which stood as limitations to the research work. Some of the limitations include:
- Time Constraint:
The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Financial Constraint:
Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
Procedure for Downloading the PDF (Docx) Material
Assessing the Potential for Low Cost Formulated Diets for Mud Crab Aquaculture in Nigeria can be downloaded by requesting the full set of materials at the project or seminar cost. The document will be sent via Microsoft Word (MS-Word) format via WhatsApp (e-mail) following payment confirmation.
| Seminar Material Cost ₦3,000 | Project Material Cost ₦5,000 |
Request Complete Material
 | Click here to request the Complete Material via WhatsApp including;
|
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Assessing the Potential for Low Cost Formulated Diets for Mud Crab Aquaculture in Nigeria" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Is the topic “The Extent of Reliance on Financial Accounting Information for Effective Business and Financial Decision in Corporate Organization” recommended for Accountancy / Accounting Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — The study was carried out to determine the Extent of Reliance on Financial Accounting Information for Effective Business and Financial Decision in Corporate Organization. Investigation revealed that most corporate organizations unknowingly employ Incompetent and unskilled manpower and as such the financial accounting information prepared may not show a true and fair view of the financial strength, profitability and future prospects of the organization. The research design used in this report is descriptive design, utilizing questionnaire method to obtain information from the respondents for this project. A total of 200 (two hundred) respondents were selected for this study to represent the entire population of the study. Primary data were collected from the primary source which questionnaire was used as an instrument …
Can this topic “Design and Simulation of a Personal Computer Temperature Control System” be used for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — Temperature determines the survival of all natural creatures and as well the operational fitness of all scientific invention, it is quite important to every aspect of human endeavor and its control is as important as the temperature itself. This research work centers its study on temperature and its control with a view of designing and implementing a reliable computerized system that will automatically contribute in temperature control. The new system will be able to automatically detect temperature within a particular environment at a particular time and be able to give the desired output concerning the aim of its development. The new system pivots its temperature on room temperature, controlling the regulation of the room air conditioning system for good up- keep of …
Can the material for “Role of Capital Market in Economic Development” be used as a guide for Banking and Finance (BF) Project?
Yes it can be used — The study delves into examining the role of the Nigeria market on economic development. To arrive at a detailed study, research questionnaires will be designed and administered to the group that will be selected. Nigerian capital market as we will observed serves as a capital mobilization and distributed amongst economic unit. It also provides a meeting point between those economic units that have surplus savings to invest and those units desirous to procure more capital funds to finance its difficulties. The objectives of this study, therefore looks at the problems and prospects of Nigerian capital market, to examine the activities of the Nigeria market in economic development, recommendations on how the activities of the Nigerian capital market can be improved …
Can the material for “Workers Motivation and the Influence of Salaries Administration” be used as a guide for Business Administration and Management (BAM) Project?
Yes it can be used — The study looks into workers’ motivation through wages and salaries administration its influence in Nigerian organization. The study went further to distinguish between gratuitous and paid job with possible effect of wages and salaries as it relates to individual contribution and effort towards the achievement of the corporate goals and objectives. The study made use of a self-designed questionnaire and eventually used chi-square to analyze and conclude on the hypothesis that wages and salaries serves as motivational tool and that wages and salaries has significant relationship with workers performance in Nigerian organization. …
Is the topic “Metabolizable Energy Values of Dried Leaves of Cassava (Manihot Esculenta), Siam Weed (Vernoma Amygdalina), and Bitter Leaf (Chromolaena Odorata) for Broiler Chickens” recommended for Animal Science Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — A study was conducted to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) value of dried leaves of cassava (Manihot esculenta), siam weed (Vernoma amygdalina)and bitter leaf (Chromolaena odorata). In determining the ME values, the substitution method was adopted and the basal diet which was a standard broiler finisher diet containing about 3000Kcal/kg ME and about 20.0% crude protein (CP) constituted the diet 1. In diet 2,3,4, Siam weed leaf meal (SLM), Bitter leaf meal (BLM) and cassava leaf meal (CLM) replaced 20% of the basal diet (that is 80% basal + 20% leaf meal). Birds (6 weeks old) were placed in metabolic cages for collection of excreta. Excreta was collected from each replicate for three consecutive days, weighed, dried and analyzed. …
Can the material for “The Effect of Deregulation of the Banking System on Profitability of Banks” be used as a guide for Banking and Finance (BF) Project?
Yes it can be used — The study examines the effect of deregulation of banking system on profitability of bank using (UBA) as a case study. In this study, prior literature as it relates to the subject matter were reviewed. Data was collected through administering of constructed questions. A number of persons were selected to represent the sample size of the study. Data were analyzed using the simple percentage method and the test of hypothesis was done using the chi-square statistical tool for data testing, the results revealed that the banking system is recording more profits. It was concluded that banking system was reactive to deregulation from different sources as explained and the nominal profit as shown in the account did not mean that the real …
Can the material for “The Effect of Reinforced Concrete on Safety of Residential Buildings in Nigeria” be used as a guide for Architecture Project?
Yes it can be used — The study examined the effects of reinforced concrete on safety of residential buildings in Nigeria. A survey of randomly selected samples of 20 builders and 15 architects were conducted. Questionnaires were used to collect data from Architects and Builders. The survey included 11 groups of defects and sub defects in each groups. The predominant severity effects of each defects was assessed and ranked based on the severity index as ranked by both the Builders and the Architects. The results shows that 7 defects were rated as most severe, 54 as moderately severe and 6 defects as slightly severe defects. The results also show that increase in maintenance work is the most predominant effects on building maintenance among other factors of …
Can the material for “African Traditional Medical Health Practices; Beliefs and Concepts” be used as a guide for Philosophy Project?
Yes it can be used — Medical health practice is one of religious practice in African Tradition. It is a means of securing the lives of the individuals. Among all communities in Africa, life is regarded as sacred. Each individual’s life is seen as a gift from God to the community and to the family. Ihiala Local Government Area which is located in Anambra State is a community of people who hare and believe in African traditional World view and Institutions. The research design used in this report is descriptive design, utilizing questionnaire method to obtain information from the respondents for this project. Primary data were collected from the primary source which questionnaire was used as an instrument of data collection while secondary data were sources …
Is the topic “Assessment of Earnings Management and Corporate Governance Practices in Nigeria” recommended for Human Resource Management (HRM) Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — Earnings management has received considerable attention in recent times. This is due to its linkage with the reliability of published accounting reports. Indication from the academic literature has shown that the practice of earnings management is quite extensive among publicly traded firms. In response to the demand for greater proportion of independent directors on corporate boards and the need for financial sophistication of audit quality, this study examines the role of independent board of directors, audit quality and board effectiveness in preventing earnings management in Nigeria. Secondary data were extracted from annual reports of the sample firms for the period between 2002 and 2011 and univariate OLS multiple regression was used as a tool for data analysis. Using an experimental research …
Can the material for “Design and Implementation of an Advance Airline Seat Reservation System” be used as a guide for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it can be used — An Airline Reservation Information System is a computerized system used to store and retrieve information and conduct transactions related to travel. The aim of the study is to Design and Implement an Advance Airline Seat Reservation System. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows to design and develop an application software that will minimize cost of maintenance instead of spending more money in purchasing of new equipment and increase output of passenger manifest with the interconnection more than one computer system over network. The motivation that led to the implementation of the proposed system is as a result of inefficiency will be notified and new system design implemented. With references to the rapid growth …