THE USE OF STRAW GRASS AS A REINFORCING MATERIAL FOR RING CULVERT
ABSTRACT
A culvert is a structure that allows water to flow under a road, railroad, trail, or similar obstruction from one side to the other side. The aim of the study is to examine The Use of Straw Grass as a Reinforcing Material for Ring Culvert. In achieving this aim the following specific objectives were laid out to deliver extensive investigations to find out the structural and hydrological causes that lead to failures on pipe culverts, and assess The Use of Straw Grass as a Reinforcing Material for Ring Culvert. Failure on water crossing structures definitely results in road damages and almost closure. This failure has direct effect and economic burden to road users and isolates the surrounding communities. Failures of roads in oil fields interrupt operations of oil industry companies and stop/delay the accessibility to their facilities such as drilling rigs, well sites, CPF, FPF and other facilities. In rural areas damages of roads isolate the inhabitants of the surrounding villages and influence emergency services from reaching people in need of help. Also it affects the local business income on roads route as a result of roads closure. This study will be of immense benefit to researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
A culvert is a structure that allows water to flow under a road, railroad, trail, or similar obstruction from one side to the other side. Typically embedded so as to be surrounded by soil, a culvert may be made from a pipe, reinforced Culvert or other material. Culverts constructed in Baleela oil field are two types, corrugated steel pipes installed during the period from 2001 to 2019, and Culvert box culverts constructed after 2014.
Culverts in general are used both as cross-drains to relieve drainage of ditches at the roadside and to pass water under a road at natural drainage and stream crossings. A culvert may be a bridge-like structure designed to allow vehicles or pedestrian traffic to cross over the waterway while allowing adequate passage for the water.
Gravel roads in rural areas are necessary for transportation purposes. As these roads pass over lots of water streams in rural areas, crossing structures such as steel corrugated pipe culvert, Culvert culvert and bridges are needed. The community's development depends on effective road networks and safe crossings. Because of their improper design and poor construction, many water stream structures likely sustain failures and damages from water runoff and large storms (Levine et al., 2013).
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
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