THE EFFECTS OF THE USE OF HERBICIDE ON THE SOIL
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
The use of herbicides in agriculture has contributed tremendously to both food and cash crop production all over the world. One of the challenges undermining the farming business (Ntow et al., 2006), has been the invasion of many common weed species due to favorable environmental conditions such as abundance of rainfall, adequate sunlight, fertile soil etc. in Nigeria. Hence, manufacturers have adopted flooding the market with all kinds of herbicides that are meant for the elimination of different kinds of weeds at different stages of their growth (Sebiomoet al., 2011). Perhaps, the efficacy of these herbicides in controlling the target weeds has resulted in the application of these chemicals by most farmers.
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.
1.2 Background of Study
Herbicides use is not limited to crop production alone, its use in animal production include antibiotics administered either by injection or combined with feed; to control infectious diseases and parasites that often arise when animals are raised under extremely crowded conditions. In similar way to tractors, ploughs and other implements, herbicides have now become an integral part of the complex word of technical inputs required for modern agricultural production and are accepted as a standard tool of the trade by farmers throughout the world (Lever, 1990). For several years humans have utilized herbicides to protect their crops. The first known agrochemical was sulfur-dusting used in ancient summer about 4,500 years ago in ancient Mesopotamia. By the 15th century, toxic chemicals such as arsenic, mercury and lead were being applied to crops to kill insects. In the 17th century, nicotine sulfate was extracted from tobacco leaves for use as an insecticide. The 19th century saw the introduction of more natural agrochemicals; pesticides and pyrethrum, which are derived from chrysanthemums, and rotenone, which is derived from the roots of tropical vegetables (Miller, 2002).
However, some soil organisms use these herbicides in the process of degradation as carbon energy source for their metabolic activities. Numerous studies have shown that the level of contamination of soil with these chemicals depends on the persistency of the herbicides in the soils environment, the quantity, frequency of application and the toxicity of the chemicals. However, most of these herbicides are designed to persist longer enough to have the desired effect on the weeds (Greer et al., 1990, Wang et al., 2008 and Vandana et al., 2012).
The fate of herbicides applied onto the soil environment is governed by two major processes; transfer and degradation. The transfer process involves percolation, runoff, flora and fauna uptake, and sorption and desorption, for which the applied chemicals remain physically intact in the soil environment. The degradation processes include microbial decomposition, plant detoxification, rhizosphere chemical breakdown and photodecomposition which are chemically engineered. These two processes determine the persistency of herbicides, its efficacy for weeds, as well as its potential for soil and ground water contamination (Subhani et al., 2000). Therefore, there is the need to understand the factors affecting the degradation processes of herbicide in order to adopt effective strategies to reduce its persistent period within the soil environment. A large number of the populace in Nigeria can’t read and understand herbicide label. This has resulted in the contamination of streams, rivers and ground water which is an important natural resource (Baran et al., 2007). These contaminations do not pose danger to only the non-target organisms and the environment but exposes human beings to many health implications.
Therefore, in Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the Effects of the Use of Herbicide on the Soil.
1.3 Statement of Problems
Herbicide as a management tool for weed control optimum production practices had been a reality to increased yield and quality of Agriculture product. Globally world health organization estimates that at least 3 million cases of acute poisoning and 20,000 deaths occur annually due to exposure to pesticide (Orhii, 2010).
Most of the farmers are complaining of contacted diseases, acute poisoning and heath. Ill health and contacted disease include ulcer, heart pain, skin rashes respiratory condition and eyes problem. The handling of toxic chemicals has sensitive effect on soil. Field study unveiled acute decrease in bio-mass, organic matter soil degradation, low average of precipitation and water retention in the soil.
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to evaluate the Effects of the Use of Herbicide on the Soil. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To identify the possible effects of the herbicide usage on soil;
- To determine the factors militating poor herbicide usage on soil;
- To prolong herbicides use in the farms at Warri-South district in Delta State;
- To proffer solution that will eradicate the challenges encountered in herbicide usage on soil.
1.5 Research Questions
The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:
- What are the possible effects of the herbicide usage on soil?
- What are the factors militating poor herbicide usage on soil?
- How can herbicides usage be prolong in the farms at Warri-South district in Delta State?
1.6 Significance of Study
This study will be of immense benefit to researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.
1.7 Scope of Study
The study focuses on the Effects of the Use of Herbicide on the Soil in Warri-South district in Delta State.
1.8 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
- Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet).
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
Procedure for Downloading the PDF (Docx) Material
The Effects of the Use of Herbicide on the Soil can be downloaded by requesting the full set of materials at the project or seminar cost. The document will be sent via Microsoft Word (MS-Word) format via WhatsApp (e-mail) following payment confirmation.
| Seminar Material Cost ₦3,000 | Project Material Cost ₦5,000 |
Request Complete Material
 | Click here to request the Complete Material via WhatsApp including;
|
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "The Effects of the Use of Herbicide on the Soil" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Can the material for “The Role of Staff Training and Compensation in Public Corporations” be used as a guide for Public Administration (PA) Project?
Yes it can be used — This project is a work on the role of staff training and compensation in public corporation, a case study of the Enugu state Agricultural Development corporation, this subject forms the foundation for all hypothesis laid on discovering the essence of staff training and compensation, how the presence or the absence of it affects the corporation. Different methods of training were treated, the methods that are applicable to staff base on the need of the individual staff compensation was found to be the major means of encouraging staff towards sustainability and increase in effort. It was discovered to serve as means of retaining the best incumbent in an organization, and at the same time increase moral. Questionnaire and interviews where used …
Can the material for “Risk Management in the Nigerian Financial Institution” be used as a guide for Banking and Finance (BF) Project?
Yes it can be used — The aim of this study was to examine the impact of risk management in the banking sector of the Nigeria financial institutions. The study started with an attempt to state the problem that motivated the study, which financial institutions Risk management was into the banking sector to help recluse the risk of systematic failure and avoid the disruptions caused by the financial crises in banks. The study there for, was done to access critically its impacts on Nigeria financial institution The method for data collection was by questionnaire, we also made use of primary and secondary data fifty one questionnaires were administered, forty two were property tested with the use of chi − square (x2) statistical tool and the entire …
Can the material for “Installmental Payments Plans in Real Estate Development and Their Effects on Housing Delivery” be used as a guide for Estate Management (EM) Project?
Yes it can be used — The study scrutinizes the Installmental Payments Plans in Real Estate Development and Their Effects on Housing Delivery. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to examine the modern strategies that can be used for effective housing delivery, and examine the challenges associated with real estate development Installmental Payments Plans in Jim-Surv Estate, Sabon Lugbe East Extension Layout Lugbe, Abuja FCT. The motivation that led to this research is the problem encountered in housing delivery which is of great concern in many countries. This problem is especially prominent in Nigeria. The challenge as been magnified as a result of a myriad of issues, not least, a high population growth rate, shortage of necessary skills and disintegrated supply …
Can the material for “Human Resources Alignment and Employee Apathy of Management Science” be used as a guide for Human Resource Management (HRM) Project?
Yes it can be used — Human Resource Alignment is the strategic, integrated and coherent approach to the employment, development and well-being of the people working in organizations. The study was carried out to examine the Human Resources Alignment and Employee Apathy of Management Science in Ignatius Adjure University of Education. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to investigate the relationship between human resources alignment and employee apathy of management science, examine the factors militating employee apathy of management science and examine the human resources alignment procedures in Ignatius Adjure University of Education. The research design used in this report is descriptive design, utilizing questionnaire method to obtain information from the respondents for this project. A total of 180 (one hundred …
Can the material for “The Procurement Practice in the Public Sector Economy; Problem and Prospects” be used as a guide for Public Administration (PA) Project?
Yes it can be used — Procurement Practice in the Public Sector Economy is the acquisition of goods and services by government and their subsidiary agencies such as parastatals. The aim of the study is to investigate the Problem and Prospects of Procurement Practice in the Public Sector Economy. The specific objectives to be considered to achieve the main objective of the study are to determine the prospects in achieving the objectives of the procurement performance metrics, determine the challenges associated with implementing the procurement performance metrics established by the Act, and propose strategic measures to enhance the implementation of procurement performance metric in Technical universities. The research design used in this report is descriptive design, utilizing questionnaire method to obtain information from the respondents for …
Can the material for “Effects of Problem-Solving and Discussion Teaching Methods on Students’ Achievement in Genetics” be used as a guide for Education Project?
Yes it can be used — The study investigated the effects of problem-solving and discussion teaching methods on students’ achievement across ability levels in genetics. The study adopted a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design with non-equivalent control group. The sample for the study consisted of 122 senior secondary III biology students. Purposive sampling was used to select four schools in Gombe education zone. The instrument used for the study is the Genetics Achievement Test (GAT) designed by the researcher. Section A of the instrument contained 20 multiple-choice items, section B contained 2 essay questions all for the measurement of students’ achievement in genetics. Four research questions and four hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The data collected were analyzed …
Can the material for “The Impact of Debt Burden on Economic Growth on Nigeria” be used as a guide for Economics Project?
Yes it can be used — The study was carried out to examine the Impact of Debt Burden on Economic Growth of Nigeria from 2012 to 2019. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to investigate the factors instigating the accumulation of debt on Economic Growth of Nigeria, evaluate the significance of external debt as against domestic debt and evaluate the significance of external debt as against domestic debt in the area under study. The motivation that led to the implementation of the research work is that the issue of external debt burden in Nigeria has become an immense status bestriding the main stream of international economy, and politics. Foreign aids are no longer used as instrument of assistance but as a …
Can the material for “Effect of Privatization and Commercialization on the Nigerian Economy” be used as a guide for Economics Project?
Yes it can be used — The ultimate goal of any credible and legitimate government is to ensure sustained improvement in the standard of living of the citizenry. The government usually evolves development plans that will facilitate effective mobilization, optimal allocation and efficient management of national resources. Therefore, in trying to look into the effect of privatization and commercialization to growth of the economy and proffer a way forwards a positive state of privatization and commercialization of public enterprises in Nigeria. This five chapter’s research was emanated. In this research, the necessary statistical and econometric criterion that was employed in the evaluation of the model defined. The researcher applied statistical and econometric technique to evaluate the working hypothesis.And the result shows that privatization and commercialization has …
Can this topic “Effect of Accounting Information on Decision Making Process” be used for Accountancy / Accounting Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — The paper examined the effect of accounting information on decision making process, with a particular reference to the Nigerian breweries plc. The research was geared towards understanding the operations in Nigeria breweries plc with an emphasis on decision making process. The problems, prospects and implications of the programme were also examined. The objective of the study is therefore to expose to various department the proper way to embark on effective accounting information. Firstly questionnaires were distribution of which thirty were completed and return using stratified random sampling. Also related literature dealing with the effect of Nigeria breweries plc were interviewed and secondary data were obtained from system. The data collected were later analysis and interpreted. From the study, it was …
Can the material for “Impact of Climate Change on Infectious Diseases” be used as a guide for Public Health Project?
Yes it can be used — The study was carried out to examine the Impact of Climate Change on Infectious Diseases. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to find out the public perception of climate change on infectious diseases affecting human health and environment and investigate the effects of climate change on infectious diseases affecting human health in the area under study. Investigation revealed that the main problems are lack of priority given to this sector and lack of environmental education and awareness that these disease processes are related to poor environment management in various sectors. One of the most important aspects is a lack of environmental education and awareness that these disease processes are related to poor environment management in …