THE EFFECT OF SAROSATE (N-PHOSPHONOMETHYL GLYCINE) A NON SELECTIVE HERBICIDE ON THE GROWTH OF SOME COMMON SOIL FUNGI
ABSTRACT
The study was carried out to investigate The Effect of Sarosate (N-Phosphonomethyl Glycine) a Non Selective Herbicide on the Growth of Some Common Soil Fungi. The use of herbicides in agriculture has contributed tremendously to both food and cash crop production all over the world. One of the challenges undermining the farming business has been the invasion of many common weed species due to favorable environmental conditions such as abundance of rainfall, adequate sunlight, and fertile soil in Nigeria. Herbicide as a management tool for weed control optimum production practices had been a reality to increased yield and quality of Agriculture product. Globally world health organization estimates that at least 3 million cases of acute poisoning and 20,000 deaths occur annually due to exposure to pesticide. These herbicides were applied according to the manufacturers’ instructions at sublethal concentrations. Their effects on soil pH, cation exchange capacity, total organic carbon, nitrates, phosphates, sulphates and microbial populations at two depths (0-15 and 15-30 cm) were assessed using standard methods. Microbial counts were carried out for total heterotrophic bacteria and fungi using the pour plate method. This assessment has shown that the herbicides had no influence on pH, total organic carbon, nitrate but a negative one on bacterial and fungal populations with prolonged use. A modification in physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of soil could be used to predict the fertility and health status of soils. It is recommended that Agricultural Development Project (ADP) should organize training for farmers on application of herbicides and farmers should form associations so as to pull resources together, buy herbicides directly from the distributors in large quantity and disburse the herbicides among themselves to prevent been exploited especially the hike in price by the middle men.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
The use of herbicides in agriculture has contributed tremendously to both food and cash crop production all over the world. One of the challenges undermining the farming business (Ntow et al., 2006), has been the invasion of many common weed species due to favorable environmental conditions such as abundance of rainfall, adequate sunlight, fertile soil etc. in Nigeria. Hence, manufacturers have adopted flooding the market with all kinds of herbicides that are meant for the elimination of different kinds of weeds at different stages of their growth (Sebiomoet al., 2011). Perhaps, the efficacy of these herbicides in controlling the target weeds has resulted in the application of these chemicals by most farmers.
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Limitation of the study and Definition of technical terms.
1.2 Background of Study
Herbicides use is not limited to crop production alone, its use in animal production include antibiotics administered either by injection or combined with feed; to control infectious diseases and parasites that often arise when animals are raised under extremely crowded conditions. In similar way to tractors, ploughs and other implements, herbicides have now become an integral part of the complex word of technical inputs required for modern agricultural production and are accepted as a standard tool of the trade by farmers throughout the world (Lever, 1990). For several years humans have utilized herbicides to protect their crops. The first known agrochemical was sulfur-dusting used in ancient summer about 4,500 years ago in ancient Mesopotamia. By the 15th century, toxic chemicals such as arsenic, mercury and lead were being applied to crops to kill insects. in the 17th century, nicotine sulfate was extracted from tobacco leaves for use as an insecticide. The 19th century saw the introduction of more natural agrochemicals; pesticides and pyrethrum, which are derived from chrysanthemums, and rotenone, which is derived from the roots of tropical vegetables (Miller, 2002).
However, some soil organisms use these herbicides in the process of degradation as carbon energy source for their metabolic activities. Numerous studies have shown that the level of contamination of soil with these chemicals depends on the persistency of the herbicides in the soils environment, the quantity, frequency of application and the toxicity of the chemicals. However, most of these herbicides are designed to persist longer enough to have the desired effect on the weeds (Greer et al., 1990, Wang et al., 2008 and Vandana et al., 2012).
The fate of herbicides applied onto the soil environment is governed by two major processes; transfer and degradation. The transfer process involves percolation, runoff, flora and fauna uptake, and sorption and desorption, for which the applied chemicals remain physically intact in the soil environment. The degradation processes include microbial decomposition, plant detoxification, rhizosphere chemical breakdown and photodecomposition which are chemically engineered. These two processes determine the persistency of herbicides, its efficacy for weeds, as well as its potential for soil and ground water contamination (Subhani et al., 2000). Therefore, there is the need to understand the factors affecting the degradation processes of herbicide in order to adopt effective strategies to reduce its persistent period within the soil environment. A large number of the populace in Nigeria can’t read and understand herbicide label. This has resulted in the contamination of streams, rivers and ground water which is an important natural resource (Baran et al., 2007). These contaminations do not pose danger to only the non-target organisms and the environment but exposes human beings to many health implications.
Therefore, in Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the Effect of Sarosate (N-Phosphonomethyl Glycine) a Non selective Herbicide on the Growth of Some Common Soil Fungi.
1.3 Statement of Problems
Investigation revealed that Herbicide as a managemhnt tool for weed control optimum production practices had been a reality to increased yield and quality of Agriculture product. Globally world health organization estimates that at least 3 million cases of acute poisoning and 20,000 deaths occur annually due to exposure to pesticide (Orhii, 2010). Most of the farmers are complaining of contacted diseases, acute poisoning and heath. Ill health and contacted disease include ulcer, heart pain, skin rashes respiratory condition and eyes problem. The handling of toxic chemicals has sensitive effect on soil. Field study unveiled acute decrease in bio-mass, organic matter soil degradation, low average of precipitation and water retention in the soil.
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to investigate the Effect of Sarosate (N-Phosphonomethyl Glycine) a Non selective Herbicide on the Growth of Some Common Soil Fungi. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To identify the possible effects of the herbicide usage on soil fungi;
- To determine the factors militating poor herbicide usage on soil fungi;
- To proffer solution that will eradicate the challenges encountered in herbicide usage on soil.
1.5 Research Questions
The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:
- What are the possible effects of the herbicide usage on soil fungi?
- What are the factors militating poor herbicide usage on soil fungi?
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
Procedure for Downloading the PDF (Docx) Material
The Effect of Sarosate (N-Phosphonomethyl Glycine) a Non Selective Herbicide on the Growth of Some Common Soil Fungi can be downloaded by requesting the full set of materials at the project or seminar cost. The document will be sent via Microsoft Word (MS-Word) format via WhatsApp (e-mail) following payment confirmation.
| Seminar Material Cost ₦3,000 | Project Material Cost ₦5,000 |
Request Complete Material
 | Click here to request the Complete Material via WhatsApp including;
|
TABLE OF CONTENTSPRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Background …
- ⋮
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- ⋮
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
- 3.1 Introduction
- ⋮
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Results
- ⋮
- 4.3 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
REFERENCES
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "The Effect of Sarosate (N-Phosphonomethyl Glycine) a Non Selective Herbicide on the Growth of Some Common Soil Fungi" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
PRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Background …
- ⋮
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- ⋮
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
- 3.1 Introduction
- ⋮
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Results
- ⋮
- 4.3 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
REFERENCES
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "The Effect of Sarosate (N-Phosphonomethyl Glycine) a Non Selective Herbicide on the Growth of Some Common Soil Fungi" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Can the material for “Design and Construction of Groundnut Oil Extraction Or Expeller” be used as a guide for Mechatronics Engineering Project?
Yes it can be used — Groundnut oil expelling machine is an important device for oil recovery from groundnut seed in a roller mill, direct firing of barrel and pressing with an engine driven oil expeller. The study was conducted to Design and Construct of Groundnut Oil Extraction. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to design, develop and test expeller that is affordable to small scale oil millers and develop a machine that can extract oil from groundnut, within a minimum time frame. Investigation revealed that groundnut oil expeller has been developed and constructed by some researchers in different sizes, shapes and materials, mostly for industrial uses. Such expellers are expensive; involve high level technology which cannot be afforded by small …
Can the material for “Strategic Planning and Control in a Competitive Economy, Effective Customers Achievements and the Company’s Productivity” be used as a guide for Science Laboratory Technology (SLT) Project?
Yes it can be used — This research project attempts to synthesize the new strategic planning and control thoughts into a framework that will be helpful to strategy managers to harmonize the objectives and resources of a firm with the available business opportunities. Owing to ignorance many firms do not apply strategic planning and control. They thus have been denied of the benefits they would have derived from the adoption of strategic planning and control. Even among some firms who appear to recognize the concept, little do they embrace the idea with requisite enthusiasm to increase profitability. The idea of strategic planning and control in the enhancement of growth of a firm cannot be over emphasized. It serves as a compass to an organization especially in a competitive …
Can the material for “The Quality of Nigeria Education and Economic Development” be used as a guide for Education Project?
Yes it can be used — This project examines the problems and prospects of education that is “The quality of Nigeria education” and economic development. Education is the bedrock of development. But unfortunately Education in Nigeria is bio-selected with myriads of problems. These include poor funding and thus poor educational infrastructures, inadequate classroom, teaching aids (projectors, computers, laboratories and libraries) paucity of quality teachers and poor/polluted learning environment. In addition to those inadequacies our school system is played with numerous social vices such as examination malpractices, cultism, hooliganism and corruption for meaningful development to take place in the educational sector. The government need to re-address the issue of funding private educational investors, teachers, parents/ guidance and students/ pupils need are orientation towards achieving goals of education. Also …
Can the material for “Evaluation of Nigerian Maritime Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth” be used as a guide for Maritime and Transport Project?
Yes it can be used — The study was carried out to evaluate the Nigerian Maritime Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth using Five Stars Logistics in Lagos State as a case study. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to investigate the factors that influence maritime entrepreneurs to economic development the Nigerian economic development and determine the prevailing problems that hamper the economic viability of the maritime industry services in Nigeria. Investigation revealed that with current challenges in the global economy, new and innovative strategies are emerging in the bid to stimulate and sustain growth in national economies. The research design used in this report is descriptive design, utilizing questionnaire method to obtain information from the respondents for this project. A total of …
Is the topic “Impact of News Commentaries on Radio Listeners” recommended for Public Administration (PA) Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — The aim of this research project is to know the essence of radio commentaries and its impact on the listeners. The project stars with information which given insight into the historical back ground of news commentaries. It processed to examine the impact news commentaries creates to this listens and the distinguishing features. It then derives into detailed exposition of relevant literature formation of research question and hypothesis. The research question was formulated to properly address the problem on radio commentary in relation to its listens. Questionnaire were administered to the sampled respondents. The findings on the study reveled that news commentaries have less impact on some resident of the country as a result of low level of awareness and illiteracy. …
Can this topic “Design and Construction of Wireless Lock System through OTP (One Time Password)” be used for Electrical / Electronics Engineering (EE) Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — The Wireless Lock System through OTP (One Time Password) is a design that applies automated security system in homes, Industries, military etc. The aim of the study is to Design and Construct a Wireless Lock System through OTP. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to construct a Wireless Lock System that will send OTP code to the user’s mobile device and build a platform for further sophistication of automated security system by detailing all the measures taken in realizing this system. Data used in this work is derived primary from secondary sources. The methodology therefore, is basically documentary in nature. This involves learning new facts and principles through the study of documents and records. The …
Can this topic “Perception and Attitude Toward Immunization Among Mothers Attending Abakwa PHC in Kaduna State” be used for Midwifery Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — The study was carried out to examine the Perception and Attitude toward Immunization among Mothers Attending Abakwa PHC in Kaduna State. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to examine the attitude of mothers towards immunization against childhood killer diseases and determine whether the mother’s educational level influences the practice of immunization against childhood killer diseases. The research design used in this report is descriptive design, utilizing questionnaire method to obtain information from the respondents for this project. A total of 150 (one hundred and fifty) respondents were selected for this study to represent the entire population of the study. For null hypotheses were formulated and tested using the one-way ANOVA and the t-test statistical tools …
Can this topic “Pension Reform Act of 2004 Analysis of it’s Impact on Nigeria Welfare” be used for Political Science Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — The pension Reform Act 2004 was characterized by some problems like non-compliance, ignorance of the benefit of the pension reform act 2004 which has hinder the smooth administration of the reform act. The aim of the study is to investigate the Pension Reform Act of 2004 Analysis of it's Impact on Nigeria Welfare. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to determine whether the problems of the old pension scheme affected the welfare of pensioners, ascertain whether the implementation of the Pension Reform Act 2004 has enhanced the pensioners' welfare, find out if the institutional framework for the implementation of the Pension Reform Act 2004 is effective and efficient in delivering pensioners' welfare, and suggest possible …
Can the material for “Diagnosis and Prescriptive System for Breast and Prostrate Cancer” be used as a guide for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it can be used — Prostate cancer is the development of cancer in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system, while breast cancer refers to a malignant tumor that has developed from cells in the breast. It is always caused by a genetic abnormality. The aim of this study is to Design and Implement a Diagnosis and Prescriptive System for Breast and Prostate Cancer. In achieving this aim, the new system will accomplish the following objectives through the design of a system that will reduce the risks associated with self-medication, wrong and delayed diagnosis, help return the skills of an expert medical doctor in event of eventualities and formulate an intelligence diagnosis system and easy diagnosis of breast and prostate cancer. The motivation …
Can this topic “Design and Implementation of a Web Based CBT that will Stop Examination Malpractice” be used for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — Computer-based training (CBT) is an inclusive terminology that encompasses all forms of educational technology that electronically or technologically support learning and teaching. The main aim of the study is to design and implement a Web Based CBT that will Stop Examination Malpractice Using Webcam. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows to develop a CBT system that will detect Examination Malpractice Using Webcam, automatically generates exam numbers for students, enhanced security features to avoid exam malpractice, and facilitate real time processing of results for candidates. The motivation that led to the proposed system is the challenges faced with paper based test is overwhelming, they include but not limited to examination malpractice, inaccuracy in marking, …