THE EFFECT OF CARD READERS ON ELECTION CREDIBILITY IN NIGERIA
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1.1 Background To The Study
The use of card readers at the 2015 general election in Nigeria has infused some level of transparency and credibility into Nigeria’s electoral process (Okonji, 2015). It was observed that when the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) first announced its plan to introduce card reader machine for the March 28 and April 11 2015 general elections, many Nigerians, especially politicians, vehemently opposed to it. They felt the country has not developed to a level where such technology can be employed for elections. Besides, they felt the uses of card reader would disrupt the entire electoral processes.
The public outcry that greeted the planned introduction of card reader machines was enough to discourage INEC from introducing it. However, because of INEC confidence in the efficacy of modern technologies in achieving quick results, coupled with its vision to transform the country’s electoral process from its old norms that was characterized by ballot box snatching and multiplicity of ballot tomb-printing, INEC went ahead and introduced the technology against all odds (Vanguard, 2015). However, many technology experts in Nigeria and outside, who monitored the elections are full of praises for INEC for insisting on the use of card reader machines, saying it is the best thing that has ever happened to the Nigerian electoral process in the area of election transparency. They have called on the electoral umpire to introduce card reader machines in subsequent elections, believing it is a sure way to achieve transparency and credibility in every election.
Election is the process of choosing a candidate for public office. Election is a critical component of any democratic society. As such, Nigeria’s returned to democratic rule and engagement with the democratic process led to the conduct of its general elections in 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011 and 2015. General elections are elections conducted in the federation at large for federal and state elective positions (The Electoral Institute, 2015). The 2015 presidential election appears to be the most keenly contested in the history of elections in Nigeria because it was the first time about four major opposition parties came together to form a very strong party, All Progressive Congress (APC) in order to challenge the dominance of the ruling party, Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) in the polity. Indeed, according to Omotola (2013), the election became the only game in town, shaping and reshaping public discourse and political actions.
Prior to the 2015 general elections, a number of technologically based reforms (e.g. biometric Register of Voters, Advanced Fingerprints Identification System) were embarked upon by the new leadership (headed by Prof Attairu Jega) of the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC), the election management body empowered by the 1999 Constitution (as amended) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria to organize, undertake and supervise all elections in Nigeria.
However, despite the confidence of INEC in the use of card reader in the 2015 general elections, the machines came with some challenges, even though the elections have been widely adjudged as being successful. For instance, during the March 28 Presidential and National Assembly elections across the country, the card readers malfunctioned in several polling units, a situation that caused undue delay in the accreditation process. It, however, worked perfectly in other polling units. The challenges ranged from rejection of permanent voter’s card (PVC) by the card readers, inability to capture the biometrics from finger tips, to irregular capturing and fast battery drainage. INEC officials have to abandon their polling units and took the card readers back to their office for proper configuration. In order to salvage the situation, which was almost becoming frustrating, INEC ordered the use of manual process for accreditation, But before the order could go round the states and local government areas, it was already late to conduct accreditation and actual voting in some areas, a situation that forced INEC to extend the exercise to the next day in all affected areas.
Concerned about the massive electoral fraud witnessed in the past general elections in Nigeria, INEC deployment of the card reader in 2015 general elections was to ensure a credible, transparent, free and fair election in order to deepen Nigeria’s electoral democracy. However, the used of the electronic device in the 2015 general elections generated debate among election stakeholders before, during and after the elections.
1.2 Statement Of The Problem
The 2015 presidential election was the closest electoral contest since the country’s post-1999 transition to multi-party democracy (International Republican Institute, 2015). The election is the most politically engaged in the history of electoral democracy in Nigeria. Huge resources were used for the elections including 120 billion naira expended by INEC, 750,000 ad-hoc election staff with over 360,000 security personnel including the use of card readers to ensure credibility and transparency. The presidential election was contested by fourteen candidates from different political parties. However, the candidates of the PDP (Dr Goodluck Jonathan) and APC (General Muhammadu Buhari) were the major contenders in the election. However, the researcher is out to examine the effect of card readers on the election credibility in Nigeria.
1.3 Objectives Of The Study
The following are the objectives of this study:
- To examine the effect of card readers on the election credibility in Nigeria.
- To examine the reliability of the card reader during the electoral process.
- To identify the limitations in the use of the card reader for elections in Nigeria.
1.4 Research Questions
- What is the effect of card readers on the election credibility in Nigeria?
- What is the reliability of the card reader during the electoral process?
- What are the limitations in the use of the card reader for elections in Nigeria?
1.5 Hypothesis
HO: There is no significant relationship between card readers and 2015 presidential election credibility in Nigeria
HA: There is significant relationship between card readers and 2015 presidential election credibility in Nigeria
1.6 Significance Of The Study
The following are the significance of this study:
- The outcome of this study will educate the general public on the benefits of the use of card reader for elections.
- This research will also serve as a resource base to other scholars and researchers interested in carrying out further research in this field subsequently, if applied will go to an extent to provide new explanation to the topic.
1.7 Scope / Limitations Of The Study
This study on the effect of card readers on the election credibility in Nigeria will cover the processes involved in the conduct of 2015 presidential election with special focus on the influence of the card reader on the outcome of the election.
Limitations Of Study
Financial constraint
Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
Time constraint
The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
Procedure for Downloading the PDF (Docx) Material
The Effect of Card Readers on Election Credibility in Nigeria (A Case Study of 2015 Presidential Elections) can be downloaded by requesting the full set of materials at the project or seminar cost. The document will be sent via Microsoft Word (MS-Word) format via WhatsApp (e-mail) following payment confirmation.
| Seminar Material Cost ₦3,000 | Project Material Cost ₦5,000 |
Request Complete Material
 | Click here to request the Complete Material via WhatsApp including;
|
TABLE OF CONTENTSPRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Background …
- ⋮
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Conceptual Review
- 2.3 Theoretical Framework
- ⋮
- 2.4 Empirical Studies
- 2.5 Research Gaps
- 2.6 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Research Design
- 3.3 Population of Study
- 3.4 Sampling and Sampling Technique
- 3.5 Validation of Research Instrument
- 3.6 Method of Data Collection
- 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
- 3.8 Questionnaire Administration
- 3.9 Ethical Consideration
- 3.10 Statistical Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS, RESULT AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data
- 4.3 Re-statement of Research Questions
- 4.4 Test of Hypotheses
- 4.5 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary of Findings
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
- 5.5 Suggestion for Further Study
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A - “QUESTIONNAIRE”
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "The Effect of Card Readers on Election Credibility in Nigeria" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
PRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Background …
- ⋮
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Conceptual Review
- 2.3 Theoretical Framework
- ⋮
- 2.4 Empirical Studies
- 2.5 Research Gaps
- 2.6 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Research Design
- 3.3 Population of Study
- 3.4 Sampling and Sampling Technique
- 3.5 Validation of Research Instrument
- 3.6 Method of Data Collection
- 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
- 3.8 Questionnaire Administration
- 3.9 Ethical Consideration
- 3.10 Statistical Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS, RESULT AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data
- 4.3 Re-statement of Research Questions
- 4.4 Test of Hypotheses
- 4.5 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary of Findings
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
- 5.5 Suggestion for Further Study
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A - “QUESTIONNAIRE”
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "The Effect of Card Readers on Election Credibility in Nigeria" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Is the topic “Effect of Sexuality Education among Household and Adolescents’ Risky Sexual Behaviour” recommended for Guidance and Counselling Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — Sexuality Education is the acquisition of knowledge that deals with human sexuality. The study was carried out to investigate the effect of sexuality education among household and adolescents’ risky sexual behaviour. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to determine the level of sexual abstinence among adolescents in secondary schools and find out the types and the risky sexual behaviour among households and secondary school adolescents in Ibadan. Investigation revealed that adolescents problems are rooted to the background of their upbringing which is the main causes of the risky sexual behaviour which they exhibits within and outsides the society. Many parents lack knowledge on when and how to start teaching their children about sex. The research …
Is the topic “The Impact of Trade Union in Disputes Settlement in the Banking Institution” recommended for Industrial Relations and Personnel Management (IRPM) Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — This study dealt with the Impact of Trade Union on Disputes Settlement in Banking Institution and Its Effect on Employees with references to United Bank of Africa (UBA). The significance of disputes settlement machinery should be efficient and effective, so as to settle dispute or conflict or conflict in the banking institution on time resolve dispute adequately. This study used questionnaire method in carrying out the study. Questionnaires were distributed to the workers in various departments. The findings of the study was that if the employees are unhappy and aggrieved towards the organisation then there will be low productivity i=under utilisation of resources and even less profit which will be very unhealthy for the organisation. …
Can the material for “Deposit Money Bank Loans and Agricultural Sector Performance in Nigeria” be used as a guide for Accountancy / Accounting Project?
Yes it can be used — The study examined the deposit money bank loans and agricultural sector performance in Nigeria. This study employed regression analysis method to show if there is significant relationship between deposit money bank loans and agricultural sector in Nigeria for the period of 2006-2015. Real bank rate could not be given by the CBN and financial institutions, 45% of the total 100% of the original distribution bank credit gotten from its Statistical Bulletin of the Central Bank of Nigeria was used. Hypothesis generated for the study was tested at 0.05 level of significance using ordinary least square (OLS) regression analysis, To ensure the content and face validity of the instrument, Serial Correlation LM Test and White Test of Heteroskedasticity were carried out to ensure …
Can the material for “Information System for Human Resource Management System (HRMS)” be used as a guide for Management Project?
Yes it can be used — Human Resource Management System (HRMS) is an application that combines many human resource functions, including Employee Record, Payroll System, Recruitment and Training, Performance Appraisal and Retirement Administration System review into one package in order for the organization to perform at a maximum and highly fulfilling environment. The aim of the study is to design and implement an Information System for Human Resource Management System using Nigeria Breweries Plc, Aba as a case study. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows to develop an application software that will create a database system for potential applicants, with emphasis on their qualification and experience, determine appropriate match of applicants with skills and jobs experience to appropriate organization …
Can the material for “Crisis Management of Some Distressed Banks” be used as a guide for Banking and Finance (BF) Project?
Yes it can be used — Banks fail when they become unable to meet depositors demands. And, shareholders’ funds erode due to poor management characterized by the creation of bad loans, insider abuses, and bad corporate governance culture among others. Over 90 banks with state governments participation and privately owned failed in the 1990s and the level of bad loans grew sharply in the 1990s when compared to previous years. The study intended to evaluate the relationship between poor management and failed banks in Nigeria in the 1990s. The survey research design was employed. …
Can this topic “Design and Implementation of Computerized Electronic Voting System” be used for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — Computerized E-voting refers to the option of using electronic means to vote in referendums and elections. E-Voting is an election system that allows a voter to record his or her secure and secret ballot electronically. The inefficiency of voting process in Nigeria has resulted in a lot of problems. These problems have continued to obstruct the peace of democracy in Nigeria because the choice of a capable candidate is not encouraged by the current system. The aim of the study is to Design and Implement a Computerized Electronic Voting System using Federal College of Education Technical Omoku as a case study. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were set out to design and develop a software platforms for …
Can the material for “The Impact of Language Laboratory for Effective Learning and Teaching of Oral English” be used as a guide for Biochemistry Project?
Yes it can be used — Oral language is the system through which we use spoken words to express knowledge, ideas, and feelings. The study was carried out to examine the Impact of Language Laboratory for Effective Teaching and Learning of Oral English in Junior Secondary Schools. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to find out the extent to which teachers’ incompetency has influence the proper use of language laboratory and if there are language laboratories available for effective teaching and learning of oral English in junior secondary schools. The research design used in this report is descriptive design, utilizing questionnaire method to obtain information from the respondents for this project. A total of 200 (two hundred) respondents were selected for …
Can the material for “Teachers and Students Perception of the Teaching of Sexuality Education in Secondary Schools” be used as a guide for Environmental Science Project?
Yes it can be used — The purpose of this study was to determine whether sexuality education should be inculcated into the secondary school curriculum and at what level of study.. The descriptive survey research method was used for the study. A total of one hundred (500) participants were selected through a simple random sampling technique which comprised the sample population. The research instrument used was a self-developed and validated questionnaire. Five (5) research questions and hypotheses were raised and tested in this study. Data analysis was with descriptive statistics of frequency counts, percentages and the inferential statistics chi-Square (X) statistics was used for Hypotheses testing. Results showed that all hypotheses were rejected. Findings revealed that there is a significant relationship between content of sex education, teachers …
Can the material for “The Practice of Entrepreneurship in Nigeria” be used as a guide for Business Administration and Management (BAM) Project?
Yes it can be used — Entrepreneurship as we all know is a self employed business which is written for student who must live in a world influenced by business activities, because without business human being cannot operate on his own self. The aim of this project is to provide both student who have graduated from the university and still seeking for job either in federal or private work to be self employed. Nigerians are now forced to start a fresh re-wakening to the challenges and realities of true national that is a creation of new emphasis on self-employment. Graduates and school leavers are now realizing that government have no interest to come to there and through paid employment. Some problem, business men encounter during this self employed job …
Can this topic “Financial Ratios and Company Performances” be used for Business Administration and Management (BAM) Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — The purpose of this study is to determine the role of financial ratio in analyzing the company performance using DN Meyer Plc as a case study. Data were collected from the company’s annual report from the period of 2001 to 2010. The following are the major findings from the research. The ability of the DN Meyer Plc to meet its maturing obligation was study using liquidity ratio. The current ratio is the only ratio used under this category. This shows that in 2001, the firm recorded 26.3:1, indicating that for every N1 spent as current liability is met with N26.30 in 2005, while it recorded 2.5:1 in 2009, and in 2010, it was 2.6. This clearly shows the performance of …