STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CONSUMPTION OF CIGARETTE AND ALCOHOLIC DRINKS IN TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS
ABSTRACT
This research work was aimed at determining the rate of youth indulgence in smoking of cigarette and consumption of alcoholic drinks in tertiary institutions. It was found out that youths engage in the act after the warning by the federal Government through the ministry of health that smokers are liable to die young.
Stratified random sampling was introduced in the method of data collection and chi-square (χ2) test of independence was used in the analysis of the data.
Finally, it was recorded that students in federal polytechnic Nekede prefer smoking Rothmas and Benson/hedges to others while in that of drinking they prefer palm wine and stout to others out of the four brands specified in the research.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
This project work is about the statistical analysis of the consumption of cigarette and alcoholic drinks in tertiary institution (A case study of Federal Polytechnic Nekede). It consists of five chapters. Chapter one deals with the preliminary part, which includes needs for title study, aims and objectives, scope of the study, sources of data and problem encountered during data collection.
Chapter two deals with review of related literature that is previous researches relating to the study. Chapter three deals with research methodology which includes sources of data, sampling frame, method of data collection, reason for stratification, pilot survey, method of distributing questionnaires for main survey, the general format for Chi-square using contingency table among others.
Chapter four deal with analysis involving frequency distribution bar and pie charts, estimation of the student average weekly expenditure on drinking and smoking, to determine whether the expenditure rate on drinking is due to age, to find out if the student opinion on the effects of smoking is independent of drinking habits and so on. Chapter five deals with summary, conclusion and recommendation.
1.2 Needs For Title Study
Despite all the advertisement from the Federal Ministry of Health, television programmes and lectures from seminars about the dangers of alcoholism and cigarette smoking, a reasonable number of people in the society still indulge in this habit.
This study will investigate the extent of student indulgence in smoking/drinking as well as examine the students' expenditure on consumption of these consumer items.
The out come of this investigation will serve as a deterrent factor to non-consumer students who have the intention of starting it. It will also help the school authority to avoid setting up kiosks around the school premises where such items are being sold.
Programme members have been studying the determinants and consequences of cigarette smoking, excessive alcohol use, and consumption of such illegal drugs as marijuana, cocaine, and heroin for nearly three decades. Much of the research has focused on their responsiveness to price
My time series study of trends in cigarette smoking, binge alcohol drinking (consumption of five or more drinks in a row on at least one day in the past two weeks), and marijuana use by high school seniors sets the stage for the studies to be discussed. In two related studies, Donald Kenkel, Philip Decicca, Alan Mathios, and Colleagues question the consensus in the literature concerning the inverse relationship between the price of cigarette various measures of consumption by teenagers and young adults. Controlling for a direct measure of state and time specific anti-smoking attitudes of adults, they show that the negative effect of price on youth smoking anticipation. Cigarette consumption, conditional on positive participation continues, however, to be inversely related to price.
They find no evidence that higher cigarette taxes prevent smoking initiation but some evidence that higher taxes are associated with increased cessation. Turning to other determinants of cigarette smoking and determinants of outcomes related to that behavior, they examine the effect of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) advertising on youth smoking. They find that an increase in this type of advertising has no impact on youth smoking participation but causes the number of cigarette smoked per day by youths who smoke to increase. Program members have focused on the determinants of excessive consumption and on the effects of alcohol taxes or prices and other regulations on violent behavior and on risky sexual behavior by teenagers and young adults. Dhaval Dave and saffer consider the effects of alcohol taxes on chronic alcohol consumption (consumption of more than two drinks a day on average) among older adult's ages 55 and over, and even in the tertiary institution.
They find that the elasticity of this outcome with respect to the real beer tax is approximately -0.3. Their study is the first to include a measure of risk preference in the demand function for alcohol and to allow this measure to interact with the tax effect. Give the link between excessive alcohol consumption and risky sexual practices in the tertiary institutions, I exploxe the effects of alcohol taxes and statutes pertaining to drunk driving on a direct consequence of these practices: the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
The results indicate that higher state excise tax rates on beer (the most popular alcoholic beverage among youths and young adults) are associated with lower gonorrhea incidence rates for males ages 15-19 and 20-24 and above. Some researchers estimate the effect of alcohol consumption on mortality using the minimum drinking are in a regression discontinuity design. They find that granting legal access to alcohol at age 21 leads to large and immediate increase in several measures of alcohol consumption, including a 21 percent increase in the number of days on which people drink.
1.3 Aims and Objectives
The following are what the researcher work intends to achieve.
- To determine the extent of alcoholism and cigarette smoking among the students of Federal Polytechnic Nekede.
- To determine the popularity of various brands of alcohol and cigarette among the students consumer of the products.
- To estimate students average weekly expenditure on drinking and Smoking.
- To determine whether the rate on drinking and smoking is due to age.
- To find out if the students opinions on the effects of smoking and Drinking is independent of their habits.
- To determine it students drinking and smoking habits are independent.
- To make suggestions and recommendation based on the findings.
1.4 Scope of the Study
This study covers all the 2011/2012 regular students of the Federal polytechnic Nekede, Owerri Imo State. Hence the target population consists of all the students of various departments excluding all the preliminary students and evening students.
Secondly, due to some resources, time and financial constraints, and for the reason that it will be laborious to carry out the survey on the entire population of all the students in a sample of the population will be considered.
1.5 Problems Encountered During Data Collection
It will be helpful to enumerate some of the problems the researcher encountered during the survey.
There was a problem of refusal and loss of questionnaires. Some students refused to fill the questionnaires claiming that they do not have time. Some respondents decided to go home with ones allocated to them and refused to bring them back.
The researcher finds it difficult to distribute, the questionnaires to the particular level of student he is researching for.
Some respondent completed the questionnaires wrongly. Some ticked more than one option where only one option was required. While some filled in unrelated replies to the spaces provided, thereby making the questionnaire invalid. Some respondents returned the questionnaires very late.
There was a limited time allocation, as the questionnaires were quite long (it took approximately 1-2 hours to complete one questionnaire). Extreme difficulty was also experienced in obtaining permission to interview or pass the questionnaires to people.
Some people were very much willing to share information, but had difficulty in recalling some of it, as they generally do not keep records of their expenditures and costs. Respondent's difficulty in recalling information was a general problem in all study sites. Some were hesitant to share information because their integrators. (The person that coaches them might warn them not to expose their indulgence in the act, thereby expose him too).
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
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TABLE OF CONTENTSPRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
- 1.1 introduction − 1
- 1.2 Need for title study— 2
- 1.3 Aims and objectives − 6
- 1.4 Scope of the study − 7
- 1.5 Problems encountered during data collection − 7
- 2.0 review of related literature − 10
- 2.1 Introduction − 10
- 2.2 Historical Background of Alcoholism and cigarette smoking − 10
- 3.0 Research methodology − 20
- 3.1 Introduction − 20
- 3.2 Sources of Data − 20
- 3.3 Sample Frame − 21
- 3.4 Method of Data collection − 22
- 3.5 Reason for stratification − 22
- 3.6 Pilot survey − 23
- 3.7 Determination of sample size − 26
- 3.8 Methods Used in Distribution of Questionnaire For the main survey − 28
- 3.9.0 Theoretical frame work − 29
- 3.9.1 The General format for chi-square using Contingency Table − 29
- 3.9.2 Conditions for the use of chi-square test − 29
- 3.9.3 Assumption for the use of chi-square test − 30
- 3.10 The Normal Distribution − 33
- 3.11 Use of Frequency Distribution and Bar Charts − 34
- 3.12 Estimation of population proportion − 35
- 4.0 Data Analysis − 37
- 4.1 Introduction − 37
- 4.2 Analysis Involving Frequency Distribution of Bar and Pie Charts − 37
- 4.3 Estimation of population proportion of those That drinks Alcohol − 39
- 4.4 Estimation of the population proportion of Those that smoke cigarette − 43
- 4.5 Determine whether the expenditure Rate on Smoking is due to Age − 45
- 4.6 Estimation of students Average Weekly Expenditure on drinking − 46
- 4.7 Estimation of the students Average Weekly Expenditure on Smoking − 47
- 4.8 Determine whether the Expenditure Rate on Drinking is due to age − 48
- 5.1 Summary of the Findings from the survey − 54
- 5.2 Conclusion − 55
- 5.3 Recommendation − 56
REFERENCES
− 58 Questionnaire − 60
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Statistical Analysis of the Consumption of Cigarette and Alcoholic Drinks in Tertiary Institutions" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
PRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
- 1.1 introduction − 1
- 1.2 Need for title study— 2
- 1.3 Aims and objectives − 6
- 1.4 Scope of the study − 7
- 1.5 Problems encountered during data collection − 7
- 2.0 review of related literature − 10
- 2.1 Introduction − 10
- 2.2 Historical Background of Alcoholism and cigarette smoking − 10
- 3.0 Research methodology − 20
- 3.1 Introduction − 20
- 3.2 Sources of Data − 20
- 3.3 Sample Frame − 21
- 3.4 Method of Data collection − 22
- 3.5 Reason for stratification − 22
- 3.6 Pilot survey − 23
- 3.7 Determination of sample size − 26
- 3.8 Methods Used in Distribution of Questionnaire For the main survey − 28
- 3.9.0 Theoretical frame work − 29
- 3.9.1 The General format for chi-square using Contingency Table − 29
- 3.9.2 Conditions for the use of chi-square test − 29
- 3.9.3 Assumption for the use of chi-square test − 30
- 3.10 The Normal Distribution − 33
- 3.11 Use of Frequency Distribution and Bar Charts − 34
- 3.12 Estimation of population proportion − 35
- 4.0 Data Analysis − 37
- 4.1 Introduction − 37
- 4.2 Analysis Involving Frequency Distribution of Bar and Pie Charts − 37
- 4.3 Estimation of population proportion of those That drinks Alcohol − 39
- 4.4 Estimation of the population proportion of Those that smoke cigarette − 43
- 4.5 Determine whether the expenditure Rate on Smoking is due to Age − 45
- 4.6 Estimation of students Average Weekly Expenditure on drinking − 46
- 4.7 Estimation of the students Average Weekly Expenditure on Smoking − 47
- 4.8 Determine whether the Expenditure Rate on Drinking is due to age − 48
- 5.1 Summary of the Findings from the survey − 54
- 5.2 Conclusion − 55
- 5.3 Recommendation − 56
REFERENCES
− 58Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Statistical Analysis of the Consumption of Cigarette and Alcoholic Drinks in Tertiary Institutions" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
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