SONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE LIVER IN PREGNANT WOMEN
ABSTRACT
The variations in the sizes of the various organs during pregnancy is well known with various organs of the body increasing in size throughout pregnancy and returning to their pre-pregnant state during the pueperium. The purpose of this research was to investigate on the ultraSonographic Evaluation of the Liver in Pregnant Women at the Agbor General Hospital. The study was a cross-sectional survey of pregnant women with data obtained from the Agbor General Hospital.
We investigated a total of one hundred and fifty (150) subjects and the result was analyzed with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Science version 20.0. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Research and Ethics Committee of Human Anatomy Department in Delta State, University, Abraka. From the results; an average mean ± standard deviation was gotten for the pregnant female patients as regards liver length. The study showed apositive correlation between the liver lengths but not with gestational age and also a significant difference in the liver length as regards the age groups and with second and third trimester.
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1.1 Background of Study
The variations in the sizes of the various organs during pregnancy is well known with various organs of the body lincreasing in size throughout pregnancy and returning to their pre-pregnant state during the pueperium (Melamedet al., 2011). The liver is the largest abdominal organ with function in filtering and storage of blood, metabolizing of carbohydrates, proteins, hormones and strange chemicals; to form bile, storage of vitamins and iron; and production of clothing factors. Also, the liver size estimation is important in the diagnosis and follow up of various disease occurring in pregnancy like hepatitis, and hypertensive diseases of pregnancy (Wennet, 2001). Thus, the knowledge of the normal sonographic liver size is important.
Ultrasonography is the best method for the assessment of abdominal organs during pregnancy as it is non-invasive non-ionizing thus safe in pregnancy. It is also readily available, quick, cheap and accurate (Kerstin and Brennan 1992). Examination is in real time, three-dimensional and independent of organ function thus the internal structures can be assessed easily. It has advantages over other radiological imaging modalities such as conventional radiography and computed axial tomography in that ionizing rays which are harmful to the developing fetus are used. With ultrasound, sound energy is used and has been found to have no adverse effect on the developing fetus, thus it is safe. It can be used at any stage of pregnancy (Miller et al., 1984). Physical examination of the liver through palpation and percussion is less accurate compared to ultrasound estimation of the size especially in detecting small increases in size (Rosemeriet al., 2010).
The liver occupies 5% of the mature fetus body cavity and it constitutes 2.5% of the adult body weight (Ronald, 2003). Liver weight in the adult male is approximately 1400-1500g2 and it serves over 500 physiological functions related to metabolism, digestion, immunity and storage of nutrients (Moore, et al., 2010).
Conventional and pulsed color Doppler ultrasonography are considered to be indicated for the study of gestation and maternal organs on account of the multiplicity of morphological and hemodynamic data that they provide for being innocuous for their noninvasive and relatively low cost. The Doppler modality is utilized for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the arterial and venous perfusion and can increase the ultrasonography accuracy, identifying the blood flow in the vessels and their respective resistivity and pulsatility indices as well as the study of their indices in the physiological alterations observed during pregnancy.
Accurate measurement of the liver by sonography is particularly relevant when hepatic diseases are suspected. As a noninvasive and inexpensive method, when compared to other methods (Tchelepici, et al., 2002), diagnostic sonography is particularly useful to evaluate liver size and texture. In recent years, diagnostic sonography has shown specificity and positive predictive value in assessing the liver and its various diseases (Hung, et al., 2003). But according to a number of validated sources, measurements of liver length still varies greatly across modalities and techniques used by the operator (Rumack, et al., 2011).
1.2 Rationale of the Study / Significance
Several studies have identified that body tends to increase in size throughout pregnancy and also returns to their pre-pregnant state during the pueperium (Melamedet al., 2011) and also it has been reported from prior studies there are positive correlation between the liver length and body mass index but not with the parity gestational age, while studies on the ultrasonographic evaluation of the liver in pregnant women in Nigeria have been neglected in previous literatures. Therefore, this study concentrates on the investigating of the liver length in pregnant women using ultrasonogrpahic measures. The findings of this study will be useful to researchers and also will serve as a data base for researchers in the area of the ultrasonographic evaluation of the liver in pregnant women.
1.3 Justification of Study
Ugbomaet al., (2011) conducted a pilot study of the normal sonographic measurements of the liver in normal pregnant women in the University of PortHarcout Teaching Hospital and found out that there were positive correlations between the liver length and body mass index but not with the parity gestational age. Kratzeret al., (2003) carried out a study on the ultrasonographic evaluation of liver in pregnant women of Indian and from the study it was revealed the average longitudinal diameter of the liver (midclavicular line) to be 13.11+1.73cm (median, 13.2cm; range, 7.0-16.4cm). From the result, it was further revealed that the multivariate analysis showed no positive correlation between the liver length and gestational age. Studies on the ultrasonographic evaluation of liver in pregnant women using Agbor general Hospital as a case study has not been documented in the literature.
1.4 Statement of Problem
There are few studies that have critically investigated on the ultrasonographic evaluation of the liver in pregnant women around the globe. Earlier studies concluded that that there were positive correlations between the liver length and body mass index but not with the parity gestational age. Thus, this study is needed in order to document the possible observations commonly seen as regard the length of the liver in the pregnant women at the Agbor general Hospital using ultrasonographic measures.
1.5 Scope of Study
This research work was focused on the ultrasonographicevaluation of liver in pregnant women. The research was conducted among pregnant women at the Agbor general Hospital. A total number of one hundred and fifty (150) normal pregnant women were evaluated for this study.
1.6 The Aim (General Objective)
The general objective of this study is to investigate on the ultrasonographic evaluation of the liver in pregnant women at the Agbor general Hospital.
1.7 The (Specific) Objectives
- Determine the normal length of the liver by ultrasound scan in normal pregnant women.
- Determine the effect, if any of the gestational age on the liver.
1.8 Limitation of the Study
The study been constrained by a lot of factors such as cost of transportation to the various hospitals during the period of data collection and time consuming.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
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TABLE OF CONTENTSPRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Background …
- ⋮
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Conceptual Review
- 2.3 Theoretical Framework
- ⋮
- 2.4 Empirical Studies
- 2.5 Research Gaps
- 2.6 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Research Design
- 3.3 Population of Study
- 3.4 Sampling and Sampling Technique
- 3.5 Validation of Research Instrument
- 3.6 Method of Data Collection
- 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
- 3.8 Questionnaire Administration
- 3.9 Ethical Consideration
- 3.10 Statistical Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS, RESULT AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data
- 4.3 Re-statement of Research Questions
- 4.4 Test of Hypotheses
- 4.5 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary of Findings
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
- 5.5 Suggestion for Further Study
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A - “QUESTIONNAIRE”
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Sonographic Evaluation of the Liver in Pregnant Women" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
PRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Background …
- ⋮
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Conceptual Review
- 2.3 Theoretical Framework
- ⋮
- 2.4 Empirical Studies
- 2.5 Research Gaps
- 2.6 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Research Design
- 3.3 Population of Study
- 3.4 Sampling and Sampling Technique
- 3.5 Validation of Research Instrument
- 3.6 Method of Data Collection
- 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
- 3.8 Questionnaire Administration
- 3.9 Ethical Consideration
- 3.10 Statistical Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS, RESULT AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data
- 4.3 Re-statement of Research Questions
- 4.4 Test of Hypotheses
- 4.5 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary of Findings
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
- 5.5 Suggestion for Further Study
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A - “QUESTIONNAIRE”
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Sonographic Evaluation of the Liver in Pregnant Women" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
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