RESISTIVITY METHODS USED IN HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL DISCONTINUITIES IN THE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF THE GROUND WATER DETECTION
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
The resistivity method is used in the study of the horizontal and vertical discontinuities in the electrical properties of the ground and also in the detection of three dimensional bodies of anomalous electrical conductivity. In the study of ground water movement in obubra area, the resistivity method commonly employed are the electrical resistivity method. Electrical resistivity method is one of the most useful techniques in groundwater geophysical exploration, because the resistivity of rocks is sensitive to its ionic content (Alile, et al., 2011).
The method allows a quantitative result to be obtained by using a controlled source of specific dimensions. Records show that the depths of aquifers differ from place to place because of variation in geo-thermal and geo-structural occurrence (Okwueze, 1996). Therefore, the need to study the area for groundwater potential especially in terms of determining the flow direction is a prerequisite for portable ground water exploration and exploitation in this area.
1.2 Location and Geology of the Area
The study area lies between latitudes 50 15′ and 60 15′N and longitudes 70 45′ and 80 45′E. It is located within the sub-equatorial climatic region of Nigeria with a total annual rainfall of more than 300 to 400cm. Temperature ranged from 250C to 280C. The area experiences two seasons, these are the wet season which lasts from April to September with a peak in June and July while the dry seasons lasts from October to March (Iloeje,1991).
The study area is underlain by two major lithologic units: Crystalline basement and Cretaceous sediments.
The crystalline basement rocks occupy the extreme south of the study area. Also, there are intermediate rocks scatteredin patches around Obubra, Iyamayong, Iyamitet, Ikom, Nkpani and Usumutong.
The Cretaceous sediments cover about 90% of the study area. Asu River Group is the basal and oldest recorded sediment in the study area. It is dominated by bluish gray/black to olivine brown shale and sandy shale, fine - grained micaceouscalcareous sandstone and siltstone with limestone lenses.
The shale is often carbonaceous and pyritic which indicates that the sediments were deposited under a poorly oxygenated shallow water environment of restricted circulation, an indication of low energy environment (Petters et al., 1987). In general, Southern Obubra lies within the Cross River plain and the clastic beds in the study area can be ascribed to the Ezillo Formation. The Ezillo Formation comprises mostly dark gray shales with fine sandstone and siltstone intercalations in the lower part, and an upper unit that is highly bioturbated, fine medium sandstone, similar to the sandstone of the Amaseri Formation. The Ezillo Formation between Appiapum and Ikom was deposited in a deltaic coastal plain, in brackish marshes and inter-distributary bays (Barth, et al., 1995). A major river (Cross River) exists in the study area into which minor streams empty their loads. The elevation of the study area ranged from 14 to 170m above sea level.
The relief is characterized by undulations running at undefined direction and variably demarcating the very lowland areas from moderate relief landmarks. The occurrence of the low plains is occasionally broken by inselbergs of granite and basalts in the southern portion of the study area. In the sediment filled portions, the low plains are occasionally broken by flat -topped hills of sandstone ridges and igneous intrusive with highly ferroginized sandstones with gravels resulting from uplifts. The area is drained by the Cross River with major tributaries like, Udip, Ukong, Lakpoi, Okwo, and Okpon rivers. These rivers form a network of dendritic drainage system.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
Procedure for Downloading the PDF (Docx) Material
Resistivity Methods Used in Horizontal and Vertical Discontinuities in the Electrical Properties of the Ground Water Detection can be downloaded by requesting the full set of materials at the project or seminar cost. The document will be sent via Microsoft Word (MS-Word) format via WhatsApp (e-mail) following payment confirmation.
| Seminar Material Cost ₦3,000 | Project Material Cost ₦5,000 |
Request Complete Material
 | Click here to request the Complete Material via WhatsApp including;
|
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Resistivity Methods Used in Horizontal and Vertical Discontinuities in the Electrical Properties of the Ground Water Detection" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Can this topic “Effect of Government Policy on Commercial Bank Lending Ability in Nigeria” be used for Banking and Finance (BF) Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — This research work is aimed at satisfying those who have interest in the effect of government policy on commercial banks lending ability in Nigeria (1999-2005) especially the bankers throughout the world who are involved in financial transaction with Nigeria. The data required for achieving these questionnaire, Newspaper, Journals union bank Bullion were used. Finally, the title the effect of government policy on commercial bank lending ability in Nigeria (Union Bank) as discussed in this project does not supply enough information needed, therefore there would be need for an investigation into the extent of actual effect on lending ability of commercial bank. …
Is the topic “The Impact of Small-Scale Enterprises Financing in Improving the Socio-Economic Well Being of Delta State” recommended for Public Administration (PA) Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — The dynamic role of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries have been highly emphasized. These enterprises have been identified as means through which the rapid industrialization and developmental goals of these countries can be realized. This project work explores the impact of SMEs in developing countries. This work ensured from the failure that pervades the small and medium scale enterprises. The methods used for the gathering the data were primary and secondary sources of data. The work revealed that SMEs is the foundation and strength of any economy. That SMEs can employ more than any sector. The conclusion of the study is that small and medium scale enterprises has been identified to be the pivot of industrialization …
Can the material for “A Comparative Assessment of the Use of “ict” in Teaching Biology” be used as a guide for Education Project?
Yes it can be used — This study examines the relationship between information and communication technology and academic performance of students in Biology. It investigates the use, importance and significance of ICT in teaching Biology in secondary schools in Ile-Ife, Osun State. The data were the WAEC results of four schools for three consecutive years (2010, 2011 and 2012). Analyses were done using simple percentage method and recommendations were based on the research findings. …
Can the material for “An Evaluation of Managerial Supervisory Performance Appraisal System in Nigeria” be used as a guide for Business Administration and Management (BAM) Project?
Yes it can be used — The purpose of this research work is to have a detail evaluation of managerial supervisory performance appraisal system in Nigeria. The Nigeria telecommunication Nitel Enugu was used as the case study. The strength of the Nitel staff is about 114 workers with sample of 89 workers, the total of 89 questionnaire were printed and 86 were collected and analyzed in table. The source of this research work is from both secondary and primary sources. It was found out that performance appraisal system can be improved by preventing all form of bias, nepotism and favoritism and on the other and encourage justice, fair play and equity. Thus it was recommended that modern equipment’s and tools should be provided for the staff to carry out their …
Can this topic “Literature and Ecology Study of Wole Soyinka a Dance of the Forest and Beautification of Area Boys” be used for Ecology Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — The study was carried out to demonstrate the Literature and Ecology Study of Wole Soyinka a Dance of the Forest and Beautification of Area Boys. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to find out the relationship between the ecological implications gleaned and the current ecological crisis and apply eco-critical framework as a veritable analytical tool in reading Soyinka’s plays. The current crisis of ecology and environmental pollution have gripped the attention and aroused the concern of many people alive today. Studies show that our imprudent behaviour towards, and utilization of, Nature have pushed the world into a crisis that has not only led to the gradual destruction of our ecology and its very capacity to …
Is the topic “Interactive Wireless Solution for Next Generation Education System” recommended for Computer Science Education Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — The emergence of Internet and portable devices like Laptops/PDA’s and mobile phones have bought a great change in the communication and entertainment world. However, unfortunately, the teaching and learning methodologies in the secondary schools and pre-university colleges in India have remained almost stagnant over the last several years. There have been few rigorous efforts, especially, in Europe and USA to enhance the education system using the latest technological tools. However, the outcome has not yet been very desirable. This work aims to use the mobile phones and other handheld devices as e/m-Iearning pedagogical tools in order to enhance technology-enabled interactive learning, keeping in mind the affordability and usability of proposed technology in emerging economies/developing countries like India , China , etc. …
Is the topic “The Effect of Warehouse Management on the Performance of Selected Brewery Companies” recommended for Business Administration and Management (BAM) Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — The study examined the effect of warehouse management on the performance of selected brewery companies, a case study of Nigerian Breweries Plc, Surulere, Lagos state, Sona Breweries, Lekki, Lagos and Guinness Nigeria plc, Ikeja, Lagos. The study employed the survey design and the purposive sampling technique to select 450 staff across management, senior and junior level. A well-constructed questionnaire, which was adjudged valid and reliable, was used for collection of data from the respondents. The data obtained through the administration of the questionnaires was analyzed using the Pearson correlation analysis. The results of the correlation analysis showed that there is positive and significant relationship between warehouse costs has significant effect on organizational productivity (r=0.772; p<0.05)., Also, a positive and significant relationship …
Can the material for “Design and Implementation of Sales Record System” be used as a guide for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it can be used — Computerized Sales Record System is the process of collecting, inputting, storing, classifying, summarizing and interpreting data. The aim of the application is to design an application that can be used in keeping records of sales and cash received or spent, also to promote efficient and quality services to customers. In achieving this aim, the following are the specific objectives of study to design and develop a system that will: create a database that will help store sales records, capture the sales and inventory activities, automate sales and inventory task/activities, ensure consistency of accounts and reduction of error due to damage and ensure safety of the documents/records, because the system will be passworded to reduce access. The researcher was motivated to …
Can this topic “Design and Implementation of Telemedicine System for Health Care in Nigeria” be used for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — Telemedicine System for Health Care enables authorized users to access, manage, share and safeguard patients’ medication. It can reduce prescription errors resulting in fewer adverse drug events and reduced hospitalizations. The motivation for executing Telemedicine System for Health Care is people die as a result of wrong self administration of drugs because they are not informed fully about the side effect of the drugs and also not knowing the specified age bracket that is allowed to take the specified drugs. The operations of the new objective, which will help to provide enough information about drugs, provide enough information about the side effect of drug, the dosage and age bracket that is supposed to take specific drug and o educate doctor …
Can the material for “The Impact of Information Technology on the Banking Industry in Nigeria” be used as a guide for Banking and Finance (BF) Project?
Yes it can be used — This project work is on the impact of information technology in the banking industry. In doing this, both primary and secondary data were collected to solve the research problem. The population of the study comprises of the personal of Bank and the customers that patronize their services. The research instrument used for data collection were questionnaire and oral interviews. Descriptive analysis was used in presenting and analyzing the data collected. The chi − square statistics was used at 5% level of significance to test the various hypothesis. From the data analysis, the researcher came up with the following findings: That the customer are not satisfied with the level of information technology of the Bank. Then based on the findings above …