PHYTOCHEMICAL EVALUATION AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES OF CRATEVA ADANSONII METHYL EXTRACT IN DICHLOROMETHANE FRACTION

ABSTRACT

Inflammation is a complex biological response of vascular tissue to harmful stimuli such as pathogen, damage cells or irritants (Ryan & Majno, 1983). The urgency generated by increased rate of stroke, atherosclerosis attribute due to prolonged use of cyclooxygenase-1 and Cyclooxygenase- 2 inhibitors have accelerated anti-inflammatory drug research over the last decade while synthetic pharmaceutical agents continued to dominate research (Ryan & Majno, 1983). Attention increasingly has been directed to natural products.

These are often more affordable and available and sometimes are perceived as more effective than conventional anti- inflammatory drugs. Anti-inflammation was carried out using 12 rats which was divided into three groups of 4 rats each. Group 1 and 2 served as the negative and positive control respectively. Group 3 received 25mg/kg b.w. of the dichloromethane fraction of methanol extract of Crateva adansonii showed significance anti-inflammatory activity when compared with the standard difference used.

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

… This chapter will address the background information that motivated this study, the challenges that prompted it, its aim, and its objectives as a preface to subsequent sections of the study. Additional factors include the study's significance, scope, limitations, research questions and hypotheses, and the definition of technical terms.

…

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRELIMINARY PAGES

Title page
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Crateva adansonii as a plant 4
1.3 Research aim and objectives 7
CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review
2.0 Definition of Inflammation 8
2.1 Characteristics of Inflammation 8
2.2 Classes of Inflammation 9
2.3 Types of Inflammation 10
2.4 Chemical mediators of Inflammation 13
2.4.0 Properties of Mediators 16
2.4.1 Histamine 18
2.4.2 Serotonin (5- Hydroxy tryptamine) 21
2.4.3 Cytokines 24
2.4.4 Arachidonic acid 30
2.4.5 Platelet Activating Factor (PAF) 34
2.4.6 Free Radicals 36
2.4.6.1 Nitric Oxide (NO) 37
2.4.6.2 Oxygen-derived free radicals 40
2.4.7.0 Complement system 41
2.4.7.1 The clotting system / Coagulation system. 45
2.4.7.2 The Kinin System 48
2.4.7.3 The fibrinolytic system 50
2.5.0 Anti-Inflammatory agents 53
2.5.1 Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS) 53
2.5.1.0 Mechanism of Action of NSAIDS 55
2.5.2 Steroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs 58
CHAPTER THREE
Material And Methods
3.1 Materials 60
3.1.1 Equipment / Apparatus used 60
3.1.2 Chemical, Solvents and Reagents 61
3.1.3 Animals 62
3.2 Methodology 63
3.2.1 Collection and preparation of Plant Materials 63
3.2.2 Extraction 63
3.3 Fractionation 64
3.3.1 Gel Column Chromatography 64
3.4. Identification of Phytochemical groups in the extract 65
3.4.1 Preparation of Reagents for phytochemical analysis 65
3.4.2 Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the Extract 66
3.5 Thin Layer Chromatography 71
3.6 Anti-inflammatory activity test 72
CHAPTER FOUR
Result 75
CHAPTER FIVE
Discussion 79
Conclusion 81
REFERENCES 82
APPENDIXes 87

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