PHARMACOECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF HIV/AIDS MANAGEMENT PHARMACY
ABSTRACT
The HIV/AIDS pandemic has resulted in mortality surge and life expectancy drop throughout the world. Developing countries are mostly affected due to their limited health care system and resources to handle the increasing costs of management of HIV/AIDS and associated opportunistic infections. The objective of this study is to estimate direct and indirect costs of managing HIV/AIDS to both the health sector and the patients, at Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital, Kano (MMSH). Patients‘ data from a sample of 256 adults and 28 children were collected between 1st January and 31st December 2010.
The study revealed that majority of the patients were aged between 15 and 49 (87.7%), female (66.2%) and married (71.48%), while about forty percent were unemployed (39.8%) and 27.1% had an income of less N20,000. The average annual income for the patients was estimated to be N143,796. About half of the respondents had a CD4 count test done once (52.5%), most were on antiretrovirals (94.37%), a few had co-morbid illnesses (12.32%), side effects/adverse drug reactions (10.9%), hospitalized (11.27%) or had National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) coverage(3.87%). The estimated average total annual costs to the health sector and patients were N323,303 and N10,516 respectively. Major contributors to health sector costs which were all direct-medical costs were antiretroviral drugs (83.60%) and health care personnel (12.37%).
Direct-medical costs to patients amounted to about N3,055 (2.12%) with major contributions from hospitalisation , treatment of co-morbid illnesses and laboratory tests. Direct non-medical and indirect costs to patients were derived from transport (N2,634, 1.83%) and productivity loss (N4,827; 3.36%) respectively, the total patients cost of N10,516 amounted to 7.31% of their average annual income of N143,796. Thus, data obtained suggested that the management of HIV/AIDS at MMSH poses a serious economic burden on the health care system and on patients living with the disease.
Majority of the health care costs (antiretrovirals) were provided by Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs); this scenario applies all over the country. in the event that the NGOs withdraw their aid in the future, the burden to the health sector may be too much for the Government to bear. The expansion of the NHIS to include HIV/AIDS management will decrease the burden on the Government and the patients. Increasing efforts on HIV infection prevention should also significantly decrease the burden of HIV/AIDS in the long run.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
Ill-health can result in an increase in economic burden on individuals, contributing to income loss, asset depletion as well as investment of a large amount of National resources to combating that disease. These processes are brought into sharper focus by the social and economic impact of the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) epidemic. Concern about the links between ill-health and impoverishment has placed health at the centre of development agencies‘ poverty reduction targets and strategies. This has strengthened arguments for a substantial increase in health sector investment to improve access for the world‘s poorest people to combat poverty as well as reduce disease burden (Russel, 2004). This thesis reports on an evaluation of costs committed to HIV/AIDS management in a secondary health facility, (MMSH) in Kano, Nigeria.
1.2 Statement of Research Problem
The HIV/AIDS pandemic constitutes one of the greatest health challenges of our time (IBBSS, 2008) and its impact cannot be overemphasized. HIV has added to the burden of the already over-stretched health care infrastructure in Nigeria as well as increased the number of orphans and other vulnerable children, placing additional strain on family and community support structures (FMOH, 2008).
With the growth rate (2%) and burden of illness, it is important for us to know the impact of HIV/AIDS management on health systems, individuals and societies as well as a description and analysis — a measure of the cost of illness (COI), which is a major tool in pharmacoeonomics. According to CDC (2009), COI is defined as the value of the resources that are expended or foregone as a result of a health problem. The COI includes health sector costs, the value of lost productivity by the patient (indirect cost), and the cost of pain and suffering (intangible costs) (CDC, 2009).
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
Procedure for Downloading the PDF (Docx) Material
Pharmacoeconomic Analysis of HIV/AIDS Management Pharmacy can be downloaded by requesting the full set of materials at the project or seminar cost. The document will be sent via Microsoft Word (MS-Word) format via WhatsApp (e-mail) following payment confirmation.
| Seminar Material Cost ₦3,000 | Project Material Cost ₦5,000 |
Request Complete Material
 | Click here to request the Complete Material via WhatsApp including;
|
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Pharmacoeconomic Analysis of HIV/AIDS Management Pharmacy" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Can the material for “Role of Agriculture in Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction in Nigeria” be used as a guide for Agricultural Economics and Extension Project?
Yes it can be used — The purpose of the study was to determine the role of agriculture in economic growth and poverty reduction in Nigeria. The data used were collected from the statistical bulletin of the Central Bank of Nigeria and World Banks development indicators, and covered the period of 33 years ranging from 1981 to 2014. Multiple regression was used to analyze the data. The result showed that agriculture has significant impact o n economic growth in Nigeria. It was also showed that agriculture has significant impact on poverty reduction in Nigeria. The other variable included in the model which is non-agriculture output did not have significant impact on poverty reduction. The study therefore recommends among others that government provides more funding for agriculture …
Is the topic “Difficulty Areas in Senior Secondary School Biology Curriculum” recommended for Education Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — This study identified difficult topics in senior secondary school biology curriculum. Biology students and teachers in Ikwo Local Government Area of Ebonyi State of Nigeria were used for the study. Two research questions were formulated to guide the study. Two hundred students (200) and thirty (30) biology teachers formed the subjects of this study. There are twenty-two public secondary school in Ikwo Local Government Area out of which ten schools were selected for the study through simple random sampling technique. The researcher used mean and standard deviation to answer the research questions and the result of the study showed that the students find most topics difficult. Revelation from the study shows that some topics were perceived difficult by the teachers. It …
Can the material for “Utilization of Public Relations in Nigerian Tertiary Institutions Cultism Eradication” be used as a guide for Mass Communication (MC) Project?
Yes it can be used — The research work provides a brief historical perspective to the issue of using public relations as a veritable tool in eradicating cultism in the Nigeria eradication system. The many destructive tendencies of cultism are also highlighted alongside the educational sub-sector, with particular reference to the tertiary institution. The study was carried out to investigate the utilization process of Public Relations in Nigerian Tertiary Institutions Cultism Eradication using Federal Polytechnic Nekede as a case study. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to know the reasons for joining cultism on campus and examine the policies and programmes of FEDPOLYNEK management in cubing cultism. The research design used in this report is descriptive design, utilizing questionnaire method to …
Can the material for “Comparative Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Potency of the Three Most Popular Antibiotics” be used as a guide for Biochemistry Project?
Yes it can be used — Antibiotics are chemicals when the chemical are put into the body, they stop the growth of kinds of germs. The study was carried out to evaluate the Antimicrobial Potency of the Three Most Popular Antibiotics. In achieving this aim, the following objectives were laid out to identify causative organism that are delectious to man’s health and determine the potency of the different antibiotics. Due to the problem encountered in Enugu Urban (obiagu), most people abuse antibiotics owing to the general belief that antibiotics can be used in the treatment of all kinds of diseases. This can result to drug resist. Accumulation of these drugs can lead to internal denage. Hence this study which compares the antimicrobial strength of three antibiotics. …
Can the material for “The Effect of Insurance Industry in Promoting Banking Services in Nigeria” be used as a guide for Insurance Project?
Yes it can be used — The aim of this research study is to identify the effect of insurance industry in promoting banking services in Nigeria. (A study of Skye Bank Enugu Metropolis). The objectives of this research work is to examine and analyze the success of banking business in Nigeria and the roles insurance sector play in promoting their services and also to identify the various problems and challenges facing Nigeria banks. The Related literature review of this work include; The historical background of skye bank Nigeria . For a successful completion of this research work, the researcher made use of both primary and secondary methods of data collection of information gathering. Primary data were collected through questionnaire, administration, oral interview, and personal observations. Secondary data …
Can the material for “The Impact of Commercial Banking on Manufacturing Sector in Nigeria” be used as a guide for Banking and Finance (BF) Project?
Yes it can be used — The term commercial bank is the type of financial institution or intermediary and the bank that lends money, provide transaction and saving, accepts deposit on behalf of their customers. The study is being carried out to investigate impact of commercial banking on manufacturing sector in Nigeria taken Skye Bank of Nigeria Plc, as a case of study. it examines the credit facilities rendered by commercial bank to manufacturing industries, it also highlight the problem hindering commercial bank on manufacturing sector with suggested possible solution. Sample survey design has been used for the research work in order to gain insight into a situation that is not very clear and that has been seriously investigated. Therefore, questionnaire as a research instrument for …
Can the material for “The Impact of the Awareness and Knowledge of Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) among Adolescent” be used as a guide for Health Education Project?
Yes it can be used — Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are the infections which are mainly transmitted through sexual intercourse. The study was carried out to examine the Impact of the Awareness and Knowledge of Sexually Transmitted Infection among Adolescent using Warri-South Local Government Area in Delta State, Nigeria as a case study. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to investigate the factor pre-disposing adolescents’ sexually transmitted infection, investigate the knowledge adolescents in the area under study possess about the spread of STIs and consider the effect, means of prevention and treatments of sexually transmitted infections in Warri-South Local Government Area of Delta State. Investigation revealed that the causes and effect of STI which causes and disorders of the central nervous …
Is the topic “The Influence of School Records on the Academic Performance of Secondary School Students” recommended for Education Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — The study was carried out to investigate the Influence of School Records on the Academic Performance of Secondary School Students. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to examine the school records kept and maintenance processes of the records in Secondary Schools, examine the effect of school records on secondary school students’ academic performance and examine the challenges associated with the keeping of school records in Chikun LGA, Kaduna state. The research design used in this report is descriptive design, utilizing questionnaire method to obtain information from the respondents for this project. A total of 133 (one hundred and thirty three) respondents were selected for this study to represent the entire population of the study. For …
Can this topic “Bacteria Associated with Urinary Tract Infection in Pregnant Women and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility” be used for Microbiology Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — Urinary Tract Infection is the microbial invasion and subsequent multiplication in any parts of the urinary tract. The study was carried out to determine the Bacteria Associated with Urinary Tract Infection in Pregnant Women and their Antibiotic Susceptibility. Investigation revealed that the prevalence of UTI among pregnant women has been reported to be high regardless of the women’s age, parity and gestational age and E. coli is suspected to be the commonest isolated organism with multi resistance toward different antibiotics. The research design used in this report is descriptive design, utilizing questionnaire method to obtain information from the respondents for this project. Primary data were collected from the primary source which questionnaire was used as an instrument of data collection …
Can the material for “The effect of contraceptives patronage and risk involvement among secondary school female students” be used as a guide for Education Project?
Yes it can be used — Contraceptive is used as a form of emergency contraception which is formulated to function in a manner similar to the female hormone progesterone, allowing for prevention of pregnancy if taken within a reasonable period of time. Contraceptives are not intended as a regular method of contraception. It is used to prevent pregnancy when taken within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse. It is estimated that contraceptive like postinor-2 will prevent 85% of expected pregnancies. 95% of expected pregnancies will be prevented if taken within the first 24 hours, declining to 58% if taken between 48 hours and 72 hours after unprotected intercourse. It is in view of this that the researcher intends to investigate the health implication of such contraceptives among …