OPEN DEFECATION AND ITS EFFECT ON THE BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER
ABSTRACT
Open defecation is the act of passing excreta in open air locations instead of in hygienic, covered locations. Efforts to eradicate open defecation and improve sanitation access are unlikely to achieve health benefits unless interventions reduce microbial exposures. The aim of the study is to assess the Open Defecation and Its Effect on the Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to assess the relationship between sanitation practices and the bacteriological quality of drinking water sources, determine the risk factors contributing to open defecation in the rural environments of the study area, and assess the water quality index and multivariate analysis for groundwater quality assessment of villages of rural in Delta State. Data were collected from the primary source which questionnaire was used as an instrument of data collection while secondary data were sources from textbooks, journals, newspapers and the internet were employed. This study will be of immense benefit to researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
Open defecation is the act of passing excreta in open air locations instead of in hygienic, covered locations. The phenomenon does not just occur in the rural areas of Nigeria but also in the cities, and among the educated class in public tertiary institutions, business and residential areas. Over 47 million Nigerians defecate openly in and on bushes, gutters, sidewalks, motor parks, recreation parks, rivers and streets amongst others. Some efforts have been made over the decades to reduce the cases of open defecation in Nigeria. Regrettably, they remain mainly efforts, with only 14 of 774 local governments in the country free of open defecation (Paul, 2019).
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.
1.2 Background of Study
Environmental Sanitation has been declared as a human right by the United Nations (WHO, 2015). The United Nations post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals, 3 and 6 targets, are aimed at ensuring universal access to safe and affordable drinking water, respectively, by 2030 (United Nations, 2014).
Efforts to eradicate open defecation and improve sanitation access are unlikely to achieve health benefits unless interventions reduce microbial exposures. As millions of people worldwide continue to rely on shallow groundwater sources and on-site sanitation, it is important to develop an understanding of the causes of microbiological contamination of groundwater when considering the potential for improvement in water supplies and sanitation. It is against this background that this study was conceived to assess the contribution of open defecation on the bacteriological contamination of drinking water sources in Delta State, Nigeria.
Eliminating open defecation is increasingly seen as a key health outcome. Open defecation is the practice of defaecating in the fields, bushes, and bodies of water or other open spaces. An area is generally ‘open defecation free’ (ODF) when there is the absence of the practice of open defecation in such a location. Implicitly it means that all members of that community have access to and are using a latrine. According to the 2015 Sanitation Update report by World Health Organization (WHO), close to 1.3 billion people were practising open defecation, whereas another 2.6 billion people lack access to improved sanitation, almost all in developing countries and predominantly in rural environments (WHO, 2015). It is also estimated that 663 million people worldwide still used un-improved drinking water sources, including un-protected wells and springs and surface water, most of them living in 2 developing regions of sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia (WHO, 2010).
Despite recent improvements in the sanitation sector, open defecation still remains a widespread health and environmental hazard challenge that particularly needs to be addressed among many developing countries (Galan et al., 2013). This lack of improved sanitation access contributes to a large global health burden, including mortality, diarrhoea, trachoma, and helminthic infections. Initiatives to improve sanitation situation has proved fruitful in certain regions of the world. For instance, in Zimbabwe, a simple comparison of 2 communities, 1 with 67% latrine coverage and 1 with no latrines, found that the community with latrines had a 68% lower diarrhoeal prevalence (Root, 2001).
The water sources could, however, harbour many microbial pathogens, even where the water is clear and perceived to be clean. The factors leading to contamination of water sources are often not well-understood but are frequently ascribed to pollution by on-site sanitation facilities such as pit latrines and defecation along boundaries of water sources as these represent an obvious source of faecal contamination (Howard et al., 2013).
Challenges in setting up potable water supplies for communities have been a matter under discussion. Most cited reasons range from poor quality of borehole water, high seepage rates of water pans, and seasonality of streams (Hazra, 2013). Sustainability of existing water projects has also proved difficult owing to poor management systems. Worse enough, prevailing poor sanitation conditions pose the greatest threat to water points. Previous studies in both urban and rural areas have concluded that contamination from on-site sanitation is a principal cause of contamination of water sources (Howard et al., 2013).
Therefore, in Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the Open Defecation and Its Effect on the Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water.
1.3 Statement of Problems
Investigation reveals the problems of the Open Defecation and Its Effect on the Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water research work which entails that, Eliminating open defecation is increasingly seen as a key health outcome. Open defecation is the practice of defaecating in the fields, bushes, and bodies of water or other open spaces.
Challenges in setting up potable water supplies for communities have been a matter under discussion. Most cited reasons range from poor quality of borehole water, high seepage rates of water pans, and seasonality of streams (Hazra, 2013). Sustainability of existing water projects has also proved difficult owing to poor management systems. Worse enough, prevailing poor sanitation conditions pose the greatest threat to water points. Previous studies in both urban and rural areas have concluded that contamination from on-site sanitation is a principal cause of contamination of water sources (Howard et al., 2013).
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to assess the Open Defecation and Its Effect on the Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To assess the relationship between sanitation practices and the bacteriological quality of drinking water sources.
- To determine the risk factors contributing to open defecation in the rural environments of the study area.
- To assess the water quality index and multivariate analysis for groundwater quality assessment of villages of rural in Delta State.
1.5 Significance of Study
This study will be of immense benefit to researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.
1.6 Scope of Study
The study focuses on the Open Defecation and Its Effect on the Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water in Delta State, Nigeria.
1.7 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
- Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet).
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
Procedure for Downloading the PDF (Docx) Material
Open Defecation and Its Effect on the Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water can be downloaded by requesting the full set of materials at the project or seminar cost. The document will be sent via Microsoft Word (MS-Word) format via WhatsApp (e-mail) following payment confirmation.
| Seminar Material Cost ₦3,000 | Project Material Cost ₦5,000 |
Request Complete Material
 | Click here to request the Complete Material via WhatsApp including;
|
TABLE OF CONTENTSPRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Background …
- ⋮
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- ⋮
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
- 3.1 Introduction
- ⋮
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Results
- ⋮
- 4.3 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
REFERENCES
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Open Defecation and Its Effect on the Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
PRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Background …
- ⋮
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- ⋮
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
- 3.1 Introduction
- ⋮
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Results
- ⋮
- 4.3 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
REFERENCES
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Open Defecation and Its Effect on the Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Can this topic “A Study of the Solutions to the Problems of Book Theft and Vandalism in the Library, Nigeria” be used for Education Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — The Ibarapa Polytechnic library, as one of the polytechnic libraries is traditionally built to meet the needs of the students, lecturers and the polytechnic communities through the provision of qualitative and adequate information resources and services. Security management for prevention of incessant thefts of information resources in libraries in Nigeria is posing a great problem especially in the area of book theft and mutilation. Poor security cannot cope with incessant pressure on the library by students who either steal or mutilate books/journals without regard for laid down library regulations. This leads to the loss of many valuable materials in the libraries. …
Can the material for “Effective Inventory Control as a Means of Improving an Organization Is Performance” be used as a guide for Business Administration and Management (BAM) Project?
Yes it can be used — This research project is on effective inventory control as a means of improving and organizations performance. A case study of NBC Plc. The research was prompted by the researchers believe of the indispensable role an inventory that is properly controlled can play in gearing up the profit of an organization in any given accounting period with the increasing highcost of production attributable to scarcity of raw-material. It has therefore become necessary that an examination be made on the classification of inventory and the proper way to control and stock raw-materials. A detailed analysis of how inventories are classified, controlled and the cost of keeping inventory were studies by the researcher. …
Can the material for “The Impact of Financial Liberalization on Monetary Policy in Nigeria” be used as a guide for Economics Project?
Yes it can be used — Monetary policy consists of discretionary measures designed by monetary authorities to regulate and influence the supply, cost and direction of money and credit provided to the economy. This aspect of macroeconomic policy remains one of the cornerstones of economic policy formulation and implementation. Monetary policy is relevant respective of the economic framework in place. With the adoption of financial liberalization programme this study examines its impact of monetary policy in Nigeria. Using econometric techniques, a model that captures the impact of financial liberalization on monetary policy is specified and estimated using the techniques of Ordinary least square for the period 1970-2001. This study found that the adoption of financial liberalization programrne has not actually improved monetary policy in Nigeria. This is apparent …
Can the material for “The Role of Managers in Effective and Efficient Management of an Organisation” be used as a guide for Business Administration and Management (BAM) Project?
Yes it can be used — The topic of this study is “The Roles of Managers in Effective and Efficient Management of The Organization” “A case study of Nigeria Breweries Plc, Ibadan, Oyo State. The company has a population of about 200 staffs. Yaro Yamani formular was used to find the sample size which is 150 and that was the number of questionnaires distributed. The objectives of this study is to ascertain The extent to which managers can have a substantial impact on performance and organization’s success or failure cannot be over emphasized. Managers establish the type of climate which facilitates motivation and successful performance of the organization. Managers play important role in an organization’s life. They direct, guide, influence, facilitate and coordinate the activities in …
Can the material for “The Effect of Local Government Administration in Economic and Social Development” be used as a guide for Social Development Project?
Yes it can be used — This project gives a description of the practical knowledge and working experience acquired by us, during our staying in this school and some research made so far. In that case we started the project with a brief description of the introduction/ back ground statement of problems objective of the study its significance and etc. Furthermore, our special achievements is that we gained some practical experience that can and forwards work in any local government/ company the project covered for the 2 years duration of our course in ordinary national diploma (OND) in public administration and management dealt more on the effect of local government administration in economic and social development which comprises four chapters. …
Is the topic “Crime, Aggressive Behaviour and Truancy as Determinant of Academic Performance in Secondary School” recommended for Education Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — The standard of education in Nigeria is frequently brought to focus by stake holders in the education industry. This is obviously due to the emphasis placed on education by every nation as a means of economic, social and political development. The purpose of this study was to find out how crime, aggressive behaviour and truancy as determine the academic performance of secondary school students in Ijebu North Local Government area of Ogun state. Therefore, related literature which dealt with variables of the study, were also reviewed as part of this study. The study employed a descriptive survey. The instruments used for this study were all adopted scales, the instruments were used in this research to measure crime scale, aggressive behaviour scale …
Can the material for “The Malevolence of Nigerian Movies in Our Contemporary Society” be used as a guide for Sociology Project?
Yes it can be used — The media is evidently seen as one of the agents of socialization, in the study of the society. This means that the media is capable of influencing the attitude, character, lifestyle and culture of individuals either negatively or positively. Today, the nature of most Nigerian movies have grown or evolved from bad to worse, especially on the part of those that portray sex, pornography and vulgarity. This is evidently malevolent because since members of the audience of Nigerian movies also constitute members of the society, and the media, especially television, is as well, capable of influencing an individual’s behavior, the negative effects of these videos will also indirectly affect the society at large. Therefore, this study seeks to look at the …
Can the material for “Design and Implementation of an Integrated Multimedia Tourism System” be used as a guide for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it can be used — The 21st century is the era of information economy. With economic development and social progress, people’s material and cultural standard of living continues to improve and leisure time continues to increase, tourism has become increasingly popular as a kind of leisure way. The geographic information system applied to tourism management is the preferred platform of tourism information. On the basis of introducing the concepts of Geographic Information System (GIS) and Multimedia Information System, this project work illustrates the role that the geographic information system and multimedia information system plays in tourism management. Tourism has a strong geographical attributes. And GIS itself is information system offering services to geographic research and decision-making, which can play a role in tourism management. In …
Can the material for “Fringe Benefits and Job Satisfaction University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee” be used as a guide for Economics Project?
Yes it can be used — Fringe benefits stand as an important part of compensation but confirming their role in determining job satisfaction has been mixed at best. The theory suggesting this role is ambiguous. Fringe benefits represent a desirable form of compensation but might result in decreased earnings and reduced job mobility. Using a pooled cross-section of five NLSY waves, fringe benefits are established as significant positive determinants of job satisfaction, even after controlling for individual fixed effects and testing for the endogeneity of fringe benefits. …
Can this topic “Effect of Social Media on Academic Performance of Students” be used for Mass Communication (MC) Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — The study was carried out to investigate the Effect of Social Media on Academic Performance of Students in Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto. Investigation revealed that the educational system in Nigeria is faced with so many challenges which have certainly brought about a rapidly decline in the quality of education. There is a deviation, distraction and divided attention between social networking activities and their academic work. The research design used in this report is descriptive design, utilizing questionnaire method to obtain information from the respondents for this project. Primary data were collected from the primary source which questionnaire was used as an instrument of data collection while secondary data were sources from textbooks, journals, newspapers and the internet were employed. The …