MANUFACTURE OF CEILING BOARD USING LOCAL MATERIALS
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to examine the Manufacturing process of Ceiling Board using Local Materials. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to study the possibility of making use of local raw materials for the production of ceiling board and produce a board with reduced cost to discourage importation thereby saving Nigeria the foreign exchange and boosting the economic status. This piece of work investigated the production of ceiling board from rice husk and cassava starch. The rice husk and cassava starch were mixed properly in the ratio of 70:30, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60 and 30:70. Physical properties such as water absorption, density and flaking concentration of the developed ceiling board were determined. Results of the study showed that the density of the developed ceiling board increased with increase in cassava starch concentration. It was also noted that the flaking concentration of the developed ceiling board decreased as the cassava starch concentration increased to 40wt% and increased with further increase in cassava starch concentration. Addition of cassava starch in excess of 50wt% caused a decrease in flaking concentration. Water absorption of the developed ceiling board increased with increase in cassava starch concentration. The water absorption decreased as the cassava starch concentration increased to 60wt%, and increased with further increase in cassava starch concentration.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
A ceiling is an overhead interior surface that covers the upper limits of a room. It is not generally considered a structural element, but a finished surface concealing the underside of the roof structure or the floor of a story above. Ceilings can be decorated to taste, and there are many fine examples of frescoes and artwork on ceilings especially in religious buildings. The most common type of ceiling is the dropped ceiling, which is suspended from structural elements above. Panels of drywall are fastened either directly to the ceiling joists or to a few layers of moisture-proof plywood which are then attached to the joists. Pipe work or ducts can be run in the gap above the ceiling, and insulation and fireproofing material can be placed here.
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.
1.2 Background of Study
A ceiling board is a horizontal slab covering the upper section of a room or internal space. A ceiling board is generally not structural but is a shell concealing the details of the structure above. However, the ceiling might be holding up building materials such as heat or sound insulation.
In modern buildings, electric lights, smoke detector, security cameras and signage are commonly attached to ceilings.
This project however, is based on the production of ceiling board from local raw materials. These local raw materials include cement, fibre cellulose, fibre obtained from ground paper, mainly waste paper, water and some other additives.
There are different types of ceiling boards. These include;
- Gypsum ceiling boards;
- Acoustical ceiling boards;
- Gypsum fibre ceiling boards;
- Cement fibre-ceiling boards. Etc
These types of ceiling boards are grouped in accordance to the raw materials used for the production. Gypsum ceiling boards are produced from gypsum, Acoustical ceiling boards are obtained from mineral wool, gypsum and small amount of paper and starch. Gypsum fibre ceiling boards are produced from gypsum and fibre to reinforce the ceiling board.
This study however will be based mainly on the production of fibre cement ceiling boards. This consist essentially of an inorganic binder usually calcium silicate formed by the chemical reaction of a siliceous material and a calcareous material. This is reinforced by organic fibres, fillers and pigment compatible with the fibre reinforced cement to form a ceiling board.
In the past, ceiling boards were produced using Asbestos a fibre present naturally in rocks. It was used because of its high tensile strength, poor heat conductivity and high fire resistance. However, asbestos causes asbestosis, which leads to cancer. As a result of this problem, manufacturers of ceiling boards went into research to find out substitutes that can be used in the production of ceiling boards. This substitute includes shredded wood, cellulose fibre agricultural waste etc. Rather than industrial products (glass-fibre, iron fillings) and man-madematerials, the fibres best suited to the socio-economic circumstances of developing countries are natural fibres.
Ceiling boards are required in houses to reduce sound and heat and they give additional aesthetics. A ceiling with its upper surface highly reflective, having a good heat insulation and low thermal capacityis recommended in hot climates. As a performance standard, it is recommended that thermal conductivity of ceiling boards should be within 0.50-0.15 W/mK. All types of asbestos fibers are known to cause serious health hazards to humans. Amosite and crocidolite are considered the most hazardous asbestos fiber types; however, chrysotile asbestos has also produced tumors in animals and is a recognized cause of asbestosis and malignant mesothelioma in humans, and mesothelioma has been observed in people who were occupationally exposed to chrysotile, family members of the occupationally exposed, and residents who lived close to asbestos factories and mines. Asbestos ceiling boards are fragile, pose health risks and relatively costly. Therefore, there is a compelling need to produce alternative products that are cheap, using local organic materials that could pose little or no health hazards.
This research work therefore, is based on how these natural fibres can be used in the production of ceiling boards in order to reduce cost and as well comparing the product with that which has been produced naturally.
1.3 Statement of Problems
Investigation revealed the challenge of the existing research which entails that there is health threat of the existing production material, which is asbestos that is known to be cancerous. This research intends to see if local materials (Rice husk, cassava starch, epoxy resin and hardener) are effective additives for ceiling board.
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to examine the Manufacturing process of Ceiling Board using Local Materials. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To study the possibility of making use of local raw materials for the production of ceiling board.
- To produce a board with good acoustic and thermal insulating properties.
- To produce a board with reduced cost to discourage importation there by saving Nigeria her foreign exchange and booting her economic status.
- To reduce environmental pollution caused by indiscriminate littering of papers and the pollution of the air resulting from burning these waste.
1.5 Research Questions
The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:
- Are there significant differences on flexural strength between the waste paper ceiling board among without and with Rice husk, cassava starch, epoxy resin and hardener?
1.6 Significance of Study
The present study will be beneficial to the following:
To the Environment: This study will lessen the amount of trees being cut for the production of wood ceiling board. It will offer a viable solution to problems caused by waste water lilies and paper.
To the Community: It will offer potential income to people who will venture out making ceiling boards.
To the Students: This study will increase the knowledge of students regarding on practicing the 3R’s namely reduce, reuse, and recycle. It will likewise increase their scientific skills.
1.7 Scope of Study
The scope of the research is focused on the Manufacturing process of Ceiling Board using Local Materials.
1.8 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
- Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet).
1.9 Organization of the study
The study is organized into five chapters; Chapter one deals with the study’s introduction and gives a background to the study. Chapter two reviews related and relevant literature. The chapter three gives the research methodology while the chapter four gives the study’s analysis and interpretation of data. The study concludes with chapter five which deals on the summary, conclusion and recommendation.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
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TABLE OF CONTENTSPRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Background of Study
- 1.3 Statement of Problems
- 1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
- 1.5 Research Questions
- 1.6 Significance of Study
- 1.7 Scope of Study
- 1.8 Limitations of the Study
- 1.9 Organization of the study
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Conceptual Review of Ceiling
- 2.3 False Ceilings
- 2.4 Types of False Ceiling Systems
- 2.5 Materials used for Ceiling
- 2.6 Gypsum Board (Gypboard)
- 2.7 Metal Ceiling Panels
- 2.8 Plaster of Paris (PoP)
- 2.9 Plywood
- 2.10 PVC False Ceiling
- 2.11 Overview of Asbestos
- 2.12 Types of Asbestos
MATERIALS AND METHODS
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Research design
- 3.3 Materials Utilized
- 3.4 Collection of Materials
- 3.5 Equipment
- 3.6 Method
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Results
- 4.3 Discussion of Findings
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary of Findings
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
- 5.5 Suggestion for further research
REFERENCES
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Manufacture of Ceiling Board Using Local Materials" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
PRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Background of Study
- 1.3 Statement of Problems
- 1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
- 1.5 Research Questions
- 1.6 Significance of Study
- 1.7 Scope of Study
- 1.8 Limitations of the Study
- 1.9 Organization of the study
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Conceptual Review of Ceiling
- 2.3 False Ceilings
- 2.4 Types of False Ceiling Systems
- 2.5 Materials used for Ceiling
- 2.6 Gypsum Board (Gypboard)
- 2.7 Metal Ceiling Panels
- 2.8 Plaster of Paris (PoP)
- 2.9 Plywood
- 2.10 PVC False Ceiling
- 2.11 Overview of Asbestos
- 2.12 Types of Asbestos
MATERIALS AND METHODS
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Research design
- 3.3 Materials Utilized
- 3.4 Collection of Materials
- 3.5 Equipment
- 3.6 Method
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Results
- 4.3 Discussion of Findings
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary of Findings
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
- 5.5 Suggestion for further research
REFERENCES
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Manufacture of Ceiling Board Using Local Materials" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
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