LEVELS OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON IN FRESH WATER FISH DRIED UNDER DIFFERENT DRYING REGIMES
ABSTRACT
Preservation of fish by drying over different types of heat regimes have been known. However, there has not been a comprehensive comparison in terms of the possible contamination associated with these drying regimes. This work was set to evaluate the levels of PAHs that are likely to accumulate in the bodies of fresh water fishes dried under heat from charcoal, sun (sun drying), electric oven and polythene augmented drying regimes (burning of used cellophone materials). The levels of sixteen PAHs were determined in fish samples harvested from Otuocha River in Anambra State, Nigeria. The fish samples were dried, pulverized and subjected to soxhlet extraction using n-hexane at 600c for 8hrs. The water content of the eluants were further removed with florisil clean-up before Gas chromatographic − mass spectrometric analysis.
Results obtained showed that sun-dried fish had PAHs concentration to be 35.7+ 0.2µg/g; oven dried gave 47.7+ 0.2µg/g and charcoal dried 79.53+ 0.2µg/g, while drying with firewood resulted in 188.1+ 0.2µg/g. Charcoal drying augmented with polythene resulted into PAHs level of 166.2+ 0.1µg/g while fish dried under heat generated from burning firewood and polythene material resulted into PAHs concentration of 696.3+0.2µg/g. Preliminary analysis of the fresh water samples and the undried fish samples (control) revealed that the fresh water contained total PAHs level of 2.86+ 0.1µg/ml, while the fresh fish 4.97+ 0.2µg/g. The concentration of PAHs in all the dried fish under different drying agents were significantly higher than the control.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic compounds consisting of two or more fused benzene rings (linear, cluster or angular arrangement), or compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms grouped into rings containing five or six carbon atoms. They are called “PAH derivatives” when an alkyl or other radical is introduced to the ring, and heterocyclic aromatic compounds (HACs) when one carbon atom in a ring is replaced by a nitrogen, oxygen or sulphur atoms. PAHs originate mainly from anthropogenic processes particularly from incomplete combustion of organic fuels. PAHs are distributed widely in the atmosphere.
Natural processes, such as volcanic eruptions and forest fires, also contribute to an ambient existence of PAHs (Suchanova et al., 2008). PAHs can be present in both particulate and gaseous phases, depending on their volatility. Low molecular weight PAHs (LMW PAHs) that have two or three aromatic rings (molecular weight from 152 to 178g/mol) are emitted in the gaseous phase, while high molecular weight PAHs (HMW PAHs), molecular weight ranging from 228 to 278g/mol, with five or more rings, are emitted in the particulate phase, (ATSDR, 1995).
In the atmosphere, PAHs can undergo photo-degradation and react with other pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and ozone. Due to widespread sources and persistent characteristics, PAHs disperse through atmospheric transport and exist almost everywhere. There are hundreds of PAH compounds in the environment but in practice PAH analysis is restricted to the determination of six (6) to sixteen (16) compounds. Human beings are exposed to PAH mixtures in gaseous or particulate phases in ambient air.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
Procedure for Downloading the PDF (Docx) Material
Levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Fresh Water Fish Dried Under Different Drying Regimes can be downloaded by requesting the full set of materials at the project or seminar cost. The document will be sent via Microsoft Word (MS-Word) format via WhatsApp (e-mail) following payment confirmation.
| Seminar Material Cost ₦3,000 | Project Material Cost ₦5,000 |
Request Complete Material
 | Click here to request the Complete Material via WhatsApp including;
|
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Fresh Water Fish Dried Under Different Drying Regimes" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Can the material for “The Role of Agricultural Extension Worker in Educating Farmers in Plantain Production in Selected Local Government Areas” be used as a guide for Agricultural Business Project?
Yes it can be used — The study examined the role of extension workers in educating farmers and constraints farmers face in plantain production in some selected areas in Edo State, Nigeria. A total of 120 Plantain farmers were randomly selected from the study area. Farmers were interviewed using well structured questionnaire. Simple descriptive statistics and multiple regression were used to analysis the data collected. The likert scale techniques was used to identify the constraints faced by the farmers, the result revealed that 68.3 percent of the farmers were male while 31.7 percent were female, then 33.2 percent of the farmers with above 61 years of age, also 85.8 percent of the farmers have farm size ranging from 5 to 10 hectare. 52.5 percent of the …
Can the material for “Construction of a Full-Duplex Intercom System” be used as a guide for Electrical / Electronics Engineering (EE) Project?
Yes it can be used — The design of full duplex intercom system is an absolute implementation of strategic components to perfect a modern semi-conductor technology (electronics) and communications. The simple circuit design allows the two intercom stations to be operated leaving the operation free of the usual “push-to-talk” operation mode, no complex changeover switch is required. As both microphones are always in operation, a special circuit is used to avoid that the loud speaker output is being picked up by the microphone enclosed in the same box, causing a very undesired and loud “howl” i.e. The well known “Larson effect”. A private switch allows microphone muting, if required. …
Can the material for “Evaluating Teaching and Learning of Guidance and Counseling in Colleges of Education” be used as a guide for Guidance and Counselling Project?
Yes it can be used — Therefore this study was designed to evaluate the teaching and learning of guidance and counseling in Colleges of Education. Four research question and two Hypotheses guided the study. An evaluation research design was employed in order to carry out the study. A total of twenty nine (29) guidance and counselling lecturers in Colleges of Education and (348) 300 level students of Colleges of Education Cross River State participated in the study. A structure Guidance and Counselling Evaluation Questionnaire (G&CEO); and Guidance and Counselling Evaluation Observation Schedule (G&CEOS) developed by the researcher were used for data collection. The reliability co-efficient of the instrument was 0.74 using correlation analysis while four experts carried our validation. Four research question and two research hypothesis tested …
Can the material for “An Evaluation of Karl Marx’s Idea of Capitalism” be used as a guide for Philosophy Project?
Yes it can be used — The history of man shows that people came together at a point in time to form society. The reason for this is for human beings to have a peaceful co-existence, society therefore is a human creation. How can a society be adjudged as just? These are question yearning for answers and a great concern for political philosophers. The idea of capitalism has it’s origin in the west and it is highly practiced in the Euro-American world. Capitalism as a principle in a society spread like wild fire that today it is practiced all around the world. On the face value capitalism appears to be nonconsequential as it seems to bring about rapid growth and development in society. But Karl Marx, who is …
Can the material for “Effective Human Resources Management as a Tool for Organizational Success” be used as a guide for Business Administration and Management (BAM) Project?
Yes it can be used — The Management of Human Resources is an effective way of achieving organizational success. It has been discovered that most organization are lacking behind in this area and as a result have been experiencing a decline in their productivity as well as failure in the achievement of their goals and objectives. This research work was designed to deal with how human resources in an organization can be effectively managed so as to help in the attainment of organizational success. In order to solve this problem of lack of effectiveness in management of human resources, data were selected and analyzed using Nigerian Breweries Plc as a case study. However, at the end of the research, it was observed that, effective management of …
Is the topic “Public Relation and It’s Impact in the Banking Industry” recommended for Banking and Finance (BF) Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — The study based on public relation and it’s impact in the banking industry (a case study of GTbank Kaduna branch). The study adopted survey research method using questionnaire as the instrument for gathering data. In writing this project, the research begin with a general introduction of the subject matter, statement of the general problem, as related to the organization rationale or objectives of the study, the scope of the study, limitations of the study and definition of terms. Review of related literature of the scholars are also highlighted in notable areas. Other areas of interested study include the methodology of the entire research work, this include methods or approaches used, instrument used, research population and sample size, sampling procedure employed, …
Can the material for “Management of Foreign Exchange in Nigeria by CBN” be used as a guide for Banking and Finance (BF) Project?
Yes it can be used — This thesis deals with foreign exchange management in Nigeria by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) from 1959 to July 2004. The need to manage foreign exchange became imperative as a result of dis equilibrium in the foreign exchange market caused by inadequate supply of foreign exchange management is a conscious attempt to harnesses foreign exchange resources deploy them to service the economy so as to prevent the economy from experiencing shocks due to foreign exchange volatility. The central focus of thesis is to examine how CBN through its policy measures manages foreign exchange in the country. To carryout this thesis, the respondent makes use of both primary and secondary data. Questionnaires were in line with the objective of the study. Based …
Can the material for “The Role of Federal Government in Cooperative Financing in Imo State” be used as a guide for Economics Project?
Yes it can be used — This work investigated the Role of federal Government in cooperative Financing. The primary method of data collected from cooperative societies was used for their study. In the analysis table and simple percentage were used. This work recommended that the federal government should put in more effort or ensure that loans are given to farmers/cooperative in the country without much bureaucracy, and that government should create a specialized bank for the running of the cooperative or the strengthening for existing Nigeria agricultural cooperative and rural development bank ( NACRDB). This work reveals that the government shall recognize and respect the autonomy and operational independence of the co-operative sector/promote creation of national co-operative financing agency to provide financial backing. …
Can the material for “Political Corruption in Nigerian Government and Politics” be used as a guide for Public Administration (PA) Project?
Yes it can be used — The major purpose of this study was to examine the political corruption and its effect in the Nigerian government and politics. The study looked into political levies of Anambra state citizens being the case study of the work. For comprehensive understanding of the place and its impact of this study. The work has been divided into five chapters. In chapter one, comprises of statement of problems, significance of the study, purpose and research of the study and others. In chapter two comprises of the causes of corruption and poverty in Nigeria, Nigeria’s political godfathers, the evils of corruption, the effects of corruption in Nigeria which had put the federation into high jump from 1999-2010 in Nigeria especially Anambra state. In …
Can the material for “Determination of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Fish and Water” be used as a guide for Fishery and Aquaculture Project?
Yes it can be used — This study determined the concentrations of Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb) and Zinc (Zn) in four fish species (i.e Brycinus nurse, Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, Hemichromis fasiatus, and Tillapia zilli). This was evaluated in whole fish and water collected from two locations (Okhoro and Bridge) of Ikpoba River, Benin City, Nigeria, in order to ascertain the magnitude of impact by these heavy metals on the resources of the investigated ecosystem. Heavy metal concentrations in water and fish were analysed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The mean concentrations of the heavy metals in water were Cu (0.047-0.063mg/l), Fe (0.067-0.167mg/l), Pb (0.0137-0.0185mg/l) and Zn (0.47-0.53). The mean concentrations of the heavy metals in fish were Cu (B. nurse 1.100mg/kg, C. nigrodigitatus 2.106mg/kg, H. fasiatus …