LEVEL OF AWARENESS AND PREVENTION OF ANAEMIA IN PREGNANCY AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1.1 Background of study
Anemia is defined as the condition in which there is decreased level of hemoglobin (Hb) or red blood cells than the normal value (Eltayeb et al., 2014). According to the 2008 World Health Organization (WHO) report, anemia affected 1.62 billion (24.8%) people globally (WHO, 2008). Approximately 51% of pregnant women were expected to be anaemic in 2001(G.C.). The prevalence in developing countries was 56% and 18% in developed countries (Bick et al., 2006). The most recent global estimates suggest that the prevalence of anemia is 41.8% among pregnant women and 30.2% among non-pregnant women (WHO, 2008; Bhutta et al., 2012). In Africa, 57.1% of the pregnant women were anaemic.
According to Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey (EDHS) report of 2011, the numbers are stated to be lower putting the prevalence of anemia in pregnant women at 22% at the country level and 24.9% in Oromia Regional State encompassing the study area (CSA, 2011). The risk of anemia is high in women who are premenopausal and/or pregnant. This is mainly due to menstrual blood loss, increased demand to support the fetus, puerperal blood loss, and it is usually exacerbated by nutritional insufficiency that is common in developing countries (Bick et al., 2006). Anemia contributes to almost 120,000 maternal deaths globally and indirectly to almost a fifth (18%) of the burden of maternal mortality. In addition to maternal deaths, there are several adverse health outcomes associated with anemia including preterm delivery, intrauterine fetal death, stillbirths, neonatal mortality, low birth weight (LBW) and poor cognitive development in the offspring (Bhutta et al., 2012; Melku et al., 2014).
In developing countries, maternal anemia during pregnancy is a product of many factors, such as maternal malaria, intestinal parasitic infection, recurrent infection, reduced dietary intakes, parity and micronutrient deficiencies just to name but few (Bhutta et al., 2012; Ugwuja, et al., 2011; Haidar, 2010). Among the micronutrient deficiencies the most common encountered are iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and folate deficiency 2 megaloblastic anemia. Of all anemia diagnosed during pregnancy, 75% are due to iron deficiency. Iron deficiency (ID) alone affects nearly 20% of the world’s population (Bick et al., 2006). The odds for developing anemia were 60% more likely in the iron-deficient and 40% more likely in the folic acid deficient. One in every three women had anemia and deficiency of folic acid while one in every two had iron deficiency, suggesting that deficiencies of both folic acid and iron constitute the major micronutrient deficiencies in Ethiopian women (Haidar, 2010).
Apart from iron and folate deficiency cobalamin (Vit B12) deficiency has been shown to account for some cases of anemia (Morris et al., 2007; Khan et al., 2010). Studies show that iron intake in Ethiopia is adequate (Gibson et al., 2008), however anemia is still a health concern affecting 22% of pregnant women (WHO, 2008) leading to devastating outcomes of pregnancy and delivery necessitating studies to be conducted on other micronutrients which could play an important role on the occurrence of anemia. In the present study the socio-demographic and obstetric characters and plasma levels of iron, folate and cobalamin, was evaluated in anaemic (case) and non-anaemic (control) pregnant women to ascertain the impact these factors have on maternal anemia and the possible interactions among them.
1.2 Statement of problem
Anemia is a major public health problem all around the world and even more in developing countries like Ethiopia with a prevalence of 22% (CSA, 2011). Anemia could be the consequence of many factors such as: infections, micronutrient deficiency, blood loss or genetic disorders (Bhuta et al., 2012; Ugwuja, et al., 2011; Haidar, 2010). Of all the micronutrients that are presumed to be predisposing factors ID has been extensively assessed but others like folate and cobalamin, should also be assessed as they have been shown to have great impact on development of anemia on researches done on other countries (Gibson et al., 2008; Khan et al., 2010; Knovich et al., 2008).
1.3 Research objectives
The general objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of anemia among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Anantigha Calabr south LGA, Cross River.
Specific objectives
- To indicate the prevalence of anemia among patients who attend in Anantigha Calabr south LGA, Cross River.
- To measure the Hb level of the participants
- To identify factors related to anemia in the study population.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
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TABLE OF CONTENTSPRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Background …
- ⋮
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Conceptual Review
- 2.3 Theoretical Framework
- ⋮
- 2.4 Empirical Studies
- 2.5 Research Gaps
- 2.6 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Research Design
- 3.3 Population of Study
- 3.4 Sampling and Sampling Technique
- 3.5 Validation of Research Instrument
- 3.6 Method of Data Collection
- 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
- 3.8 Questionnaire Administration
- 3.9 Ethical Consideration
- 3.10 Statistical Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS, RESULT AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data
- 4.3 Re-statement of Research Questions
- 4.4 Test of Hypotheses
- 4.5 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary of Findings
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
- 5.5 Suggestion for Further Study
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A - “QUESTIONNAIRE”
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Level of Awareness and Prevention of Anaemia in Pregnancy Among Pregnant Women" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
PRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Background …
- ⋮
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Conceptual Review
- 2.3 Theoretical Framework
- ⋮
- 2.4 Empirical Studies
- 2.5 Research Gaps
- 2.6 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Research Design
- 3.3 Population of Study
- 3.4 Sampling and Sampling Technique
- 3.5 Validation of Research Instrument
- 3.6 Method of Data Collection
- 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
- 3.8 Questionnaire Administration
- 3.9 Ethical Consideration
- 3.10 Statistical Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS, RESULT AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data
- 4.3 Re-statement of Research Questions
- 4.4 Test of Hypotheses
- 4.5 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary of Findings
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
- 5.5 Suggestion for Further Study
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A - “QUESTIONNAIRE”
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Level of Awareness and Prevention of Anaemia in Pregnancy Among Pregnant Women" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
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