KNOWLEDGE AND PERCEPTION OF WOMEN TOWARDS MENOPAUSAL TRANSITION

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

Menopause is defined as a permanent cessation of menses that is confirmed after 12 consecutive months of amenorrhea (Davis et al., 2015; Baber et al., 2016). It is divided into natural menopause that occurs spontaneously and induced menopause, which occurs as a consequence of ovarian failure due to medical causes such as chemotherapy and radiation or removal of both ovaries (Davis et al., 2015; Baber et al., 2016). Menopause is a natural important transition in women’s life. Having adequate knowledge and perception about menopause at a young age is critical for women to cope better with its associated consequences and improve their well-being.

As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.

1.2 Background of Study

Menopause is permanent cessation of menstruation at the end of reproductive life due to loss of ovarian follicular activity. Menopause is a physiological event in the women life and is caused by aging of ovaries which leads to decline in the production of ovarian gonadotrophins, estrogen and progesterone. The deficiency of these hormones elicits various somatic, vasomotor, sexual and psychological symptoms that impair overall quality of life of women. Middle age is one of the turning point in one's life as it brings many changes. It roughly starts in the early forties, when for most of the people it is the best period in their life when their achievement is at the highest point. Midway between the challenges of adulthood and despair of old age, comes the compulsory change menopause in women. Middle age in women includes the gradual winding down of the reproductive system and ending of the child bearing years.

Menopause, the cessation of menstruation, is a psychosocial as well as a biological event. Attitudes, perceptions, and expectations are part of the psychosocial phenomena surrounding menopause. This study is based on perception and attitudes of Nigerian women towards menopause. Clinically, menopause is cessation of month cycles when menstruation flows no more. It is a transition period in women’s life. Igbo and Ako (2008) identified two types of menopause: premature and natural menopause. Premature menopause is as a result of surgical operation while natural menopause occurs sometimes from early 40’s to late 50’s. However, there are some women who started menopause after fifty years depending upon the time they started their menstrual cycle (Adekunle, Fawole & Okunlola, 2000). There are three stages of women’s menopause which has to do with the transition years where the production of reproduction hormones such as estrogens, progesterone and testosterone cease to function properly.

The duration of peri-menopause according to Cobb, (2004) can take up to ten years or above. The premenopausal marks the transition period to menopause and can last up to five years or more (Edwards, 1999). It is a period when the reproductive hormonal levels fluctuate by either rising or falling and the menstrual flow may be higher or heavier and irregular. This is the period when the attitude of women towards menopause can be ascertained through preparedness or not. This can be between ages 40-50 years (Wikipedia, 2009). The post-menopausal age starts from fifty-one years upward and it is a period when the ovaries no longer produce hormones or release egg (Reynolds & Obermeyer, 2001). A natural menopause is when the menstrual flow has ceased for a complete twelve months for a premature menopause where the woman has no uterus or fallopian tubes, the post menopause can be determined by a blood test which will reveal the high levels of follicles stimulating hormone (FSH) that are typical for post-menopausal women (Wikipedia, 2009).

Therefore, in Ujoelen Ekpoma, Edo State where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to examine the knowledge and perception of women towards menopausal transition.

1.3 Statement of Problems

Investigation revealed that menopause is a difficult process. Women going through the menopause transition may experience a variety of symptoms ranging from vasomotor symptoms to sleep disturbance, mood disorders, loss of sexual desire and vaginal dryness. The symptoms can make it a considerable struggle for those already dealing with their hectic lives. As many as two-third of all women report vasomotor symptoms and over 85% report at least one menopausal symptom as transition through menopause. The study findings showed that 25% of women whose symptoms were severe, the resulting discomfort greatly diminish the quality of life (Randolph JF, et. al., 2004).

1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study

The aim of the study is to examine the knowledge and perception of women towards menopausal transition in Ujoelen Ekpoma, Edo State. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:

To assess the knowledge, and perception about menopause among women residing at Ujoelen Ekpoma, Edo State.
To find out the difference between the perception and knowledge of women in Ujoelen Ekpoma, Edo State towards menopause transition.
To investigate the effect in the perception of women in Ujoelen Ekpoma, Edo State towards menopause transition.
To find out the association between menopausal transition and socio-demographic variables such as; ethnic groups, age and educational background.

1.5 Research Questions

The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:

Are there factors affecting menopausal transition among women residing at Ujoelen Ekpoma, Edo State?
Is there any effect in the perception of women in Ujoelen Ekpoma, Edo State towards menopause transition?
What is the association between menopausal transition and socio-demographic variables?
What is the difference between the perception and knowledge of women in Ujoelen Ekpoma, Edo State towards menopause transition?

1.6 Research Hypothesis

In order to pursue the objective of this study, the following generalized statements have been designed to guide and aids in obtaining the result for the experiment to be conducted. For this work, the null hypothesis will be represented with H0 while the alternative hypothesis will be represented with hypothesis H1.

Hypothesis One

H0: Ethnic groups and age have no effect on the significant difference between the perception and knowledge of women in Ujoelen Ekpoma, Edo State towards menopause.
H1: Ethnic groups and age has effect on the significant difference between the perception and knowledge of women in Ujoelen Ekpoma, Edo State towards menopause.

Hypothesis Two

H0: There are no significant factors affecting menopausal transition among women residing at Ujoelen Ekpoma, Edo State
H1: There are significant factors affecting menopausal transition among women residing at Ujoelen Ekpoma, Edo State

1.7 Significance of Study

This study will be of immense benefit to female genders, medical practitioners and researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.

1.8 Scope of Study

The study focuses on the knowledge and perception of women towards menopausal transition in Ujoelen Ekpoma, Edo State.

1.9 Limitations of the Study

During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:

Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).

1.10 Definition of Terms

Menopause: Menopause is defined as a permanent cessation of menses that is confirmed after 12 consecutive months of amenorrhea (Davis et al., 2015; Baber et al., 2016).

…

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRELIMINARY PAGES

Title page
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background …
⋮
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Conceptual Review
2.3 Theoretical Framework
⋮
2.4 Empirical Studies
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Population of Study
3.4 Sampling and Sampling Technique
3.5 Validation of Research Instrument
3.6 Method of Data Collection
3.7 Method of Data Analysis
3.8 Questionnaire Administration
3.9 Ethical Consideration
3.10 Statistical Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS, RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data
4.3 Re-statement of Research Questions
4.4 Test of Hypotheses
4.5 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Summary of Findings
5.3 Conclusion
5.4 Recommendation
5.5 Suggestion for Further Study
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A - “QUESTIONNAIRE”

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