KNOWLEDGE, PERCEPTION AND ATTITUDE OF COVID 19 VACCINES AMONG STUDENTS

1.1 Introduction

The current rampant coronavirus infection in humans, commonly known as COVID-19, a pandemic that may cause mortality in humans, has been declared a global emergency by the World Health Organization (WHO). COVID-19 is considered a zoonotic infectious disease that can spread amongst humans or animals to human (Zhou et al., 2020); when transmitted by humans, it could lead to serious respiratory conditions (Abdelhafiz et al., 2020 and Chandi et al., 2020). The key clinical signs and symptoms include fatigue, a fever of 39 degrees and above, dry cough, dyspnoea, fatigue, and myalgia, and in some severe cases, COVID-19 infection can cause kidney failure, severe pneumonia and acute respiratory syndrome, and even death (Abdelhafiz et al., 2020).

As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.

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1.2 Background of Study

Knowledge, attitudes, perception, and preventative practices regarding coronavirus- 2019 (COVID-19) are crucial in its prevention and control. Several studies have noted that the majority of people in sub-Saharan African are noncompliant with proposed health and safety measures recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and respective country health departments. In most sub-Saharan African countries, noncompliance is attributable to ignorance and misinformation, thereby raising questions about people’s knowledge, attitudes, perception, and practices towards COVID-19 in these settings. This situation is particularly of concern for governments and public health experts. Thus, this scoping review is aimed at mapping evidence on the knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, and preventive practices (KAP) towards COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).

The morbidity and mortality rates due to the pandemic are increasing rapidly worldwide, with the USA most affected by the disease. The source COVID-19 is not absolutely clear; however, the disease may be transmitted by either by COVID-19-positive individuals or from a contaminated environment. In this review, we focused on how the COVID-19 virus is transmitted in the community. An extensive literature search was conducted using specific keywords and criteria. Based on the published report, it is concluded that COVID-19 is primarily transmitted human-to-human via oral and respiratory aerosols and droplets with the virus-contaminated environment play a lesser role in the propagation of disease. Healthcare providers and the elderly with comorbidities are especially susceptible to the infection.

Healthcare industry is one of the most hazardous environments to work in. Employees in this industry are constantly exposed to a complex variety of health and safety hazards in the course of their work. Hazards range from biological exposure to disease causing organisms such as tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or exposure to chemicals such as glutaraldehyde and ethylene dioxide. Apart from physical hazards such as exposure to radiation and noise, there are also ergonomic issues such as heavy lifting and standing for long periods. Long working hours and shift work add to the stress of work (NIH, 2021).

A healthcare worker is in need of protection from these workplace hazards just as much as any other category of workers such as miners or construction workers. The World Health Report 2006 – Working Together for Health – reported a severe healthcare workforce shortage especially in 57 countries, mostly in Africa and Asia. Fear of contracting infectious diseases is primarily responsible for high attrition rates among health care workers (NIH, 2021).

Therefore, in Ekiti State University where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the Knowledge, Perception and Attitude of Covid 19 Vaccines among Students.

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1.3 Statement of Problems

The closures of schools and universities is said to have impacted over 70% of the world's inhabitants (Aborodeet al, 2020). The school-closure measure means learners previously in school are no longer going to school.

The major tasks of higher institutions include teaching, research, and community services that have been disrupted by the COVID-19. The pandemic also disrupted the academic programmes, examinations, admissions, conferences, workshops and training, graduation programmes of higher institutions.

The drastic escalation of coronavirus did not only affect learning, it compounded the pre-existing education inequalities in institutions, with vulnerable and disadvantaged students at the receiving end. To curb the widening of the existing education inequalities, there is a responsibility on the institution management to put in place measures to ensure continuity, inclusion and equity for all learners during this pandemic. Observation shows that higher institutions either postponed or cancelled all campus events such as graduation ceremonies, workshops, conferences, sports (both intra and inter universities), and other activities. The COVID-19 Pandemic also led to the suspension of the academic calendar of higher institutions.

There is no doubt that students were held on a spot for a period of time. This affected the smooth running of educational sector in the institutions. This study aims to show the effect of Online teaching/learning had on the educational life of students.

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1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study

The aim of the study is to investigate the Knowledge, Perception and Attitude of Covid 19 Vaccines among Students in Ekiti State University. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:

1. To assess the attitude of students on Covid-19 vaccination in Ekiti State University
2. To find out whether the students are aware about the means of Covid-19 Transmission and Prevention in Ekiti State University
3. To investigate the reaction/side effect of Covid 19 vaccinated student in Ekiti State University
4. To evaluate existing preventive measures restricting the spread of Covid-19 among Student in Ekiti State University.

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1.5 Research Questions

The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:

• Are students aware about the means of Covid-19 Transmission and Prevention in Ekiti State University?
• Is there any existing preventive measures restricting the spread of Covid-19 among Student in Ekiti State University?
• What is the attitude of students on Covid-19 vaccination in Ekiti State University?
• What is the reaction/side effect of Covid 19 vaccinated student in Ekiti State University?

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1.6 Research Hypothesis

In order to pursue the objective of this study, the following generalized statements have been designed to guide and aids in obtaining the result for the experiment to be conducted. For this work, the null hypothesis will be represented with H0 while the alternative hypothesis will be represented with hypothesis H1.

Hypothesis One

• H0: Covid 19 vaccinated student in Ekiti State University attested that there is no side effect of Covid 19 vaccine
• H1: Covid 19 vaccinated student in Ekiti State University attested that there is side effect of Covid 19 vaccine

Hypothesis Two

• H0: Students in Ekiti State University has no significant knowledge of Covid 19 Vaccine
• H1: Students in Ekiti State University has significant knowledge of Covid 19 Vaccine

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1.7 Significance of Study

The study will help in building up knowledge base on the care of the elderly patients. Improving data base on patients’ health nutrition and standard of living which will help for further research, advocacy, policy dialogue and programming.

This study will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.

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1.8 Scope of Study

The study focuses on the Knowledge, Perception and Attitude of Covid 19 Vaccines among Students in Ekiti State University.

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1.9 Limitations of the Study

During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:

1. Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
2. Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
3. Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
4. Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).

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1.10 Definition of Terms

1. Nutrition: Nutrition is the science that interprets the interaction of nutrients and other substances in food in relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, health and disease of an organism. It includes food intake, absorption, assimilation, biosynthesis, catabolism and excretion.
2. Health: Health is the level of functional and metabolic efficiency of a living organism. In humans it is the ability of individuals or communities to adapt and self-manage when facing physical, mental, psychological and social changes with environment.
3. Status: Status is a state, condition, or situation.