ISOLATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SALMONELLA SPECIES FROM FROZEN FOODS
ABSTRACT
A study was conducted to determine the presence of Salmonella species in Frozen Foods in Owerri in August, 2000. A total of 30 Food samples were collected from the different market in ten different locations in Owerri and examined for the presence of Salmonella. After the culturing and biochemical tests, three different Salmonella species were isolated and they include: Salmonella typhi, Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella paratyphi A. out of the 30 Foodsamples examined, Salmonella were found in 20 (66.67%). Out of the total samples examined, Salmonella typhi were isolated with the prevalence rate of 12 (40%) from 30 samples, Salmonella paratyphi A were isolated with the prevalence rate of 5 (16.67%), and Salmonella typhimurium were isolated with the prevalence rate of 3 (10%).
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
Illnesses from food are one of the most important economic and health problems among industrial and non-industrial countries. In recent years, Salmonella has been one of the most common causes of food born disease Salmonellosis is an infectious disease which often occurs through contaminated food, especially food products with an animal origin such as meat, chicken, egg, animal foods and sometimes vegetables in the food chain. In developing countries, estimation of Salmonelosis is difficult because there has not been sufficient surveillance. Therefore, globally, many studies have been performed reporting that the prevalence and kind of salmonella serotypes are different based on geographical regions. Salmonella entericaserovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium were reported to be the two most frequent serotypes of Salmonella isolated in Iran and other countries.
During the two past decades, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella has become a serious problem worldwide. Wide usage of antibiotics in the diet of domestic animals has made drug resistant bacteria which could be transfered to human beings. Also, in recent years, problem of resistant strains to multiple drugs (MDR) is increasing and most studies in Iran and other countries have shown high resistance of Salmonella strains to several antibiotics It belongs to the family Emtero-bacteria ceae and it is a facultative anaerobic gram-negative bacillus that parasitizes the intestine of a large number of vertebrate species. It also infects man leading to enteric fever, gastroenteritis and septicemia, collectively known as Salmonellosis infection.
Of all the enterobacteriaceae, the genus salmonella is the most complex with more than 2,000 closely related bacteria that causes illness by reproducing in the digestive tract. (Aora, 2004). Each salmonella subgroup or serotype share common antigen and has its own name and the antigenic complexity of the bacteria have been described by Kauffman-White scheme. According to this scheme, the terminology that identifies the particular protein coats, or serovars, is not well settled, and what previously were thought to be various species of the genus Salmonella are now thought to be serovars of only two species by many researchers, Salmonella enterica and Samonellabongori.
However, these designations are not always accepted in the scientific literature and so common serovars that have been named in the past are still used (for example, S. typhi, S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis, S. cholerasuis, S. saintpaul). The Serovars are identified by the Kauffman-White classification that uses two major types of antigens (Somatic O and flagella H) to distinguish the over 2, 500 types of samonella bacteria. Initially each Salmonella species was named according to clinical consideration, e.g. Salmonella typhi-murium (mouse typhoid fever), S. cholerae-suis (hog cholera). After it was recognized that host specificity did not exist for many species, new strains (or serovar, short for serological variants) received species name according to the location at which the new strain was first isolated.
SerovarTyphimurium has considerable diversity and may be very old. The majority of the isolates belong to a single clonal complex. Isolates are divided into phage types, but some phage types do not have a single origin as determined using mutational changes. Phage type DT104 is heterogeneous and represented in multiple sequence types, with its multidrug-resistant variant being the most successful and causing epidemics in many parts of the world. Serovartyphi is relatively young compared to Typhimurium, and probably originated approximately 30,000-50,000 year ago. The common salmonella serotypes that are important in Animals and mammals include;
- Salmonella enterica subspecies arizonae − is found in cold-blooded animals, poultry, mammals.
- Serovars of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica.
- Salmonella choleraesuis (Bacillus paratyphoid B and C). This is an intestinal commensalists in pigs; it becomes pathogenic if resistance is weak; humans can be infected by ingesting sick animals; the bacteria cause septicemic salmonellosis in swine.
- Salmonella enteritidis − It is found in the intestines of cattle, rodents, ducks and humans; it causes calf paratyphoid fever and acute gastroenteritis in humans.
- Salmonella paratyphi B, in central Europe usually human pathogen, causes paratyphoid fever.
- Salmonella typhi, occurs in temperate and subtropical zones. It is the human pathogen of typhoid fever; 3-5% of persons falling ill remain permanent carriers of the pathogen.
- Salmonella typhimurium, causes a wide range of infections in birds to severe systemic paratyphoid diseases. It causes salmonella enteritis (food poisoning) in humans.
- Salmonella dublin, one of the pathogens causing cattle salmonellosis.
- Salmonella typhisuis, one of the pathogen causing hog Salmonellosis.
- Salmonella brandenburg, causes abortion and enteritis in shepherd cattle.
- Salmonella anatum and Salmonella montevideo.
Animals consume Salmonella from the soil or contaminated processed food e.g. feeds. The bacteria are then shed alive in the infected animals’ faeces.
Humans on the other hand consume Salmonella through contact with Unclean food, particularly in institutional kitchens and restaurants
Excretions from either sick or infected but apparently clinically healthy people and animals (especially endangered are caregivers and animals)
Polluted surface Food and standing Food (such as in shower hoses or unused Food dispensers)
Unhygienically thawed fowl (the melt Food contains many bacteria).
An association with reptiles (Pet tortoises and snakes) primarily aquatic turtles is well described.
Salmonella bacteria can survive several weeks in a dry environment and several months in Food; thus, they are frequently found in polluted Food, contamination from the excrement of carrier animals being particularly important. Aquatic vertebrates, notably birds and reptiles, are important vectors of salmonella. Poultry, cattle, and sheep are frequently agents of contamination. Salmonella can be found in food, particularly meats and raw eggs.
Salmonella infections other than typhoid fever are termed enteric fever, salmonella food poisoning and gastroenteritis. These diseases are usually less severe than typhoid fever and are scribed to one of the many serotypes of Salmonella enteritidis. Most outbreaks of epidemics and food poisoning in humans and animals are caused by salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium, others are Salmonella Dublin, Salmonella Thompson. Non-typhodialsalmonellosis are more prevalent than typhoid fever and currently holding steady at 40,000 to 50,000 case a year. All strains are zoonotic in origin though human may be some carriers under certain circumstances by contrast. The type of salmonella that affect humans usually cause disease which can be recognized by diarrhea, vomiting.
Diarrohoeal disease seems to be one of the major health hazards both for human and animals. Many salmonella grow in the gut of their host and once in the gut, salmonella wave-long filament called flagella moves about until they touch a suitable cell. The bacteria stick to the cell and are “swallowed” smaller “hairs” called fimbriae are important in stimulating immunity in the host.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
Procedure for Downloading the PDF (Docx) Material
Isolation and Characteristics of Salmonella Species From Frozen Foods can be downloaded by requesting the full set of materials at the project or seminar cost. The document will be sent via Microsoft Word (MS-Word) format via WhatsApp (e-mail) following payment confirmation.
| Seminar Material Cost ₦3,000 | Project Material Cost ₦5,000 |
Request Complete Material
 | Click here to request the Complete Material via WhatsApp including;
|
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Isolation and Characteristics of Salmonella Species From Frozen Foods" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Can the material for “The Element of Para Gothicism Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre and Emily Bronte Wuthering Heights” be used as a guide for English Language Project?
Yes it can be used — Para-Gothicism is not a rediscovery of the gothic, but rather a rebirth of that style; it is also a modern name for Gothicism which is a genre or mode of literature that combines elements of both horror and romance. This research study is centered on the novels of Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre and Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights. Love and struggle is the central Para-Gothic theme in both Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights. Love is presented as a powerful force in both novels. Love is used by both authors to develop the characters personalities, and produces two different outcomes. Both novels are stories of love and how this powerful emotion was able to overcome countless obstacles. Characters within Wuthering Heights and Jane …
Can the material for “A Stylistic Analysis of Selected Christopher Okigbo’s Socio-Political Poetry” be used as a guide for English / Igbo Project?
Yes it can be used — Style is the manifestation of one’s personality. Every writer has a natural, linguistic and idiosyncratic way of expressing ideas that leads to the identification of style with man and his thought. The manipulation of words by a writer creates a distinct style through which he/she reaches out to the audience. This research work focused on a stylistic analysis of selected socio-political poems of Christopher Okigbo. This aims at identifying Okigbo’s unique use of language. Stylometrics was used as a theoretical framework for the study. The findings in this are that Okigbo’s poems begin with some words in capitalisation which are foregrounded to theme of the poems. He makes use of elements like repetition, alliteration, rhyme, parallelism and so on which …
Is the topic “The Comparative Method in Globalized Criminology” recommended for Criminology Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — The study was conducted to consider the current constitution, and likely future prospects, of the field of criminology, and to examine in particular how it might be becoming more global in nature. The term €˜criminology' will be used broadly, referring to the academic field as a whole, and hence including the study of the causes of crime, responses to crime including criminal justice, as well as to the field's many sub-disciplines. The research begins by considering international and comparative criminology, before reviewing previous work that has raised the prospect of a 'global criminology.' The focus then shifts to consideration of the question, 'what is criminology?', prompted in particular by the various essays in Bosworth and Hoyle (eds) (2011). It is argued …
Can this topic “Impact of Insurance Companies on Economic Growth in Nigeria (1986-2016)” be used for Economics Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — Insurance is a veritable sub-sector in the financial system that plays a critical role in growth and development process in an economy. Against this backdrop, the study examined the impact of insurance industry on economic growth in Nigeria between 1986 and 2016. The study precisely investigated the impact of life insurance and non-life insurance penetration on economic growth in Nigeria. The ordinary least square technique was employed in the analysis of data. The result revealed that life insurance penetration and non-life insurance penetration positively and significantly impacted on economic growth within the estimated period. Furthermore, a 1% increase in life-insurance penetration would produce about 17% increase in economic growth and 1% increase in non-life insurance penetration would generate approximately 40.8% increase …
Can the material for “Design and Implementation of Recruitment Portal” be used as a guide for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it can be used — Web based recruitment portal is a web based application that monitors the recruitment process of any organization online. It has the features that allow the user to apply for job online. When application is sent through the web portal, based on the requirement of the said job description, the portal screens the candidate and determines whether or not the applicant is qualified. If the applicant is not qualified, the portal rejects the application and returns a feedback to the user, else the applicant’s information will be sent to the portal’s database, where the administrator can access notify the applicant of a date of an interview. The web based recruitment portal is or should be recommended for every organization in their …
Can this topic “The Effect of Class Size in Effective Teaching and Learning of Social Studies in Junior Secondary School” be used for Social Studies Education Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — The study was carried out to investigate the Effect of Class Size in Effective Teaching and Learning of Social Studies in Junior Secondary School in Warri-South Local Government Area, Delta State. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to determine the class size of junior secondary school students, ascertain the effectiveness of teaching and learning of junior secondary school and identify the policy guiding teacher-student ratio in junior secondary school in the area under study. The research design used in this report is descriptive design, utilizing questionnaire method to obtain information from the respondents for this project. A total of 200 (two hundred) respondents were selected for this study to represent the entire population of the …
Can this topic “An Assessment of the Management System Water Co-Operation” be used for Business Administration and Management (BAM) Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — This research work is on the assessment of management system of Enugu state water corporation the purpose of this work is to look for remedies that will be used to solved the problems that tend to arise in the co – operation as a result of the poor management system that the co-operation used. Most of the data used on this study were mainly collected by the used questionnaire, which were distributed to the sample stage of Enugu state water corporation. The researcher made used of primary and secondary data collections, from the responses it was found out that, the workers in the corporation were not being motivated, that their level of interference in the management of the corporation which seems not …
Is the topic “Bank Product Development and Its Impact on Profitability in Banking Industry” recommended for Banking and Finance (BF) Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — Banking Industry has to be good at developing banking products. The product life cycle presents two major challenges, First, because all products eventually decline, the bank must find bank products to replace the declining one. Faced with this situation banks have to compete more aggressively with one another to get a better market share has good business volume. Banks now realize that the good old days of the “seller market” which they have enjoyed during the oil boom period and the days of free fund from importers known as cash cover are all over. The main objective of the study is to examine bank product development and its impact on profitability in banks with reference to bank PHB Nigeria Plc. …
Can this topic “Web Based Marketing Information System” be used for Information System Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — Marketing Information System is a computerized system that is designed to provide an organized flow of information to enable and support the marketing activities of an organization. The main aim of this study is to develop and implement an online marketing system that will be useful to business owners. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to create a platform for businesses to reach a wider audience and increase sales and profits, develop a general purpose store where consumers can find products and services from the comfort of home through the Internet, and implement an online virtual store on the Internet where customers can browse the catalog and select products of interest. One of the major …
Can the material for “Foreign Direct Investment and It’s Impact on the Development of Nigerian Economy (1990-2010)” be used as a guide for Economics Project?
Yes it can be used — Generally, policies and strategies of Nigerian government towards foreign direct investment are shaped by two principal objectives of the desire for economic independence and the demand for economic development. Multinational corporations are expected to bring into Nigeria foreign capital in the form of technical skills, entrepreneurship, and technology and investment fund to boost economic activities thereby raising the standard of living in Nigeria. The main issues in this paper relates to understanding the effects of foreign direct investment on the Nigerian economy as well as our ability to attract adequate amounts, sufficient enough to accelerate the price of our economic growth and development. From related research and studies, it was revealed that multinational corporations are highly adaptive social agents and therefore, …