INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE OF GASTROENTERITIS AMONG UNDERFIVE YEARS CHILDREN

ABSTRACT

Gastroenteritis is an illness triggered by the infection and inflammation of the digestive system. Typical symptoms include abdominal cramps, diarrhoea and vomiting. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of gastroenteritis among under 5-year-old children in Ojoto, Idemili South Local Government Area of Anambra State. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to determine the impact of gastroenteritis on daily activities of child and caregiver, examine the prevalence of gastroenteritis among under 5-year-old children in Ojoto, and investigate the incidence of gastroenteritis among under 5-year-old children in Ojoto. Investigation revealed the main complication of gastroenteritis is dehydration, but this can be prevented if the fluid lost in vomit and diarrhoea is replaced. A person suffering from severe gastroenteritis may need fluids administered intravenously. Some of the causes of gastroenteritis include viruses, bacteria, bacterial toxins, parasites, particular chemicals and some drugs. The 2-week prevalence of gastroenteritis among 5-year-old children was 14.2%. The major risk factors for gastroenteritis were presence of persons who had gastroenteritis inside the home, contact with persons who had gastroenteritis outside the home, antibiotic use and sore throat. Medical attention was sought for 20 % of children who had gastroenteritis. Gastroenteritis is a signiﬁcant cause of morbidity among young children and presents a considerable burden on the community. A substantial proportion of these occurrences of highly credible gastrointestinal symptoms may be manifestations of respiratory infections. This study will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work.

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

Gastroenteritis is an illness triggered by the infection and inflammation of the digestive system. Typical symptoms include abdominal cramps, diarrhoea and vomiting. In many cases, the condition heals itself within a few days (Betterhealth, 2021). Gastroenteritis is a common cause of morbidity in young children. Studies from North America and elsewhere indicate that each year there are between 1.2 and 2.5 episodes of gastroenteritis per child aged 5 years or less (Glass et al., 1991 and Herikstad et al., 2002).

As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.

1.2 Background of Study

Gastroenteritis, that was probably due to norovirus, was first described by Zahorsky in 1929 as ‘winter vomiting disease’. However the agent was not identified until 1972, when virus particles were first visualised by electron microscopy (EM) in faeces obtained from an outbreak. The outbreak had occurred in 1968 at a school in Norwalk, Ohio, US, with a high attack rate of illness among students and teachers. The illness was characterised by nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea with duration of illness of 12–24 hours (Health, 2021).

Among persons of all ages, a recent randomized control trial in Melbourne, Australia found an incidence of gastroenteritis of 0.80 cases/person/year (Hellard et al., 2001), whereas a longitudinal community study in the United Kingdom indicated a lower incidence of 0.19/person/year (Wheeler, 1999). In the main, episodes of gastroenteritis are mild and self-limiting, but they are a source of substantial morbidity in the community and may result in serious dehydration or in long-term sequelae such as reactive arthritis and haemolytic uraemic syndrome. In chil- dren gastroenteritis can be more severe. In the United States gastroenteritis accounts for 12 % of hospital admissions for children aged 0–5 years (Jin et al., 1978). In South Australia they account for 4.2 % of admissions.

Barnes (1993) estimated that for rotavirus infection alone, 50 % of all Melbourne children require medical atten- tion in their ﬁrst 3 years of life. Episodes of gastroenteritis impact on daily activities of the child as well as their caregiver and can be a source of considerable discomfort. They are also potentially preventable. Notiﬁcation data provide an indication of the magnitude of the childhood gastroenteritis. In South Australia, notiﬁcations of infectious diseases show that the group at highest risk of gastroenteritis are the 0–5 year-olds (CDC,1996). These data, however, are an underestimate of the prevalence of gastroenteritis in the community as not all infectious agents causing gastroenteritis are notiﬁable. The completeness of notiﬁcation data is dependent on a number of factors: the aﬀected child being taken to the doctor, a stool sample being taken, isolation of the causative organ- ism and a report sent to the State Health Department. Furthermore, sporadic illnesses are less likely to be notiﬁed than those associated with a disease outbreak (Morris et al., 1994).

Therefore, in Ojoto, Idemili South Local Government Area of Anambra State where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the Incidence and Prevalence of Gastroenteritis among under Five years Children.

1.3 Statement of Problems

Investigation revealed the main complication of gastroenteritis is dehydration, but this can be prevented if the fluid lost in vomit and diarrhoea is replaced. A person suffering from severe gastroenteritis may need fluids administered intravenously (directly into the bloodstream via a vein – the setup is often referred to as a ‘drip’). Some of the causes of gastroenteritis include viruses, bacteria, bacterial toxins, parasites, particular chemicals and some drugs.

The major risk factors for gastroenteritis were presence of persons who had gastroenteritis inside the home, contact with persons who had gastroenteritis outside the home, antibiotic use and sore throat. Medical attention was sought for 20 % of children who had gastroenteritis. Gastroenteritis is a signiﬁcant cause of morbidity among young children and presents a considerable burden on the community. A substantial proportion of these occurrences of highly credible gastrointestinal symptoms may be manifestations of respiratory infections.

1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study

The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of gastroenteritis among under 5-year-old children in Ojoto, Idemili South Local Government Area of Anambra State. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:

To determine the impact of gastroenteritis on daily activities of child and caregiver,
To examine the prevalence of gastroenteritis among under 5-year-old children in Ojoto,
To investigate the incidence of gastroenteritis among under 5-year-old children in Ojoto.

1.5 Research Questions

The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:

What are the incidences of gastroenteritis among under 5-year-old children?
What is the prevalence of gastroenteritis among under 5-year-old children?
Is there any impact of gastroenteritis on daily activities of child and caregiver?

1.6 Research Hypothesis

In order to pursue the objective of this study, the following generalized statements have been designed to guide and aids in obtaining the result for the experiment to be conducted. For this work, the null hypothesis will be represented with H0 while the alternative hypothesis will be represented with hypothesis H1.

H0: Gastroenteritis has no signiﬁcant cause of morbidity amongst young children

H1: Gastroenteritis has a signiﬁcant cause of morbidity amongst young children

1.7 Significance of Study

This study will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.

1.8 Scope of Study

The study focuses on the Incidence and Prevalence of Gastroenteritis among under Five years Children in Ojoto, Idemili South Local Government Area of Anambra State.

1.9 Limitations of the Study

During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:

Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
Establishment Policies: Establishment policies posed a serious limitation as most staffs are not ready to release information needed for this project work. There were lots of information needed from the staffs of this institution to enhance the study which took them time to release or they did not release at all for security purposes, hence the scope was reduced.
Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).

…

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …

Procedure for Downloading the PDF (Docx) Material

Incidence and prevalence of gastroenteritis among underfive years children can be downloaded by requesting the full set of materials at the project or seminar cost. The document will be sent via Microsoft Word (MS-Word) format via WhatsApp (e-mail) following payment confirmation.

Seminar Material Cost
₦3,000

Project Material Cost
₦5,000

Request Complete Material

Click here to request the Complete Material via WhatsApp including;

Preliminary Pages,
Chapter 1-5,
References and Appendix.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRELIMINARY PAGES

Title page
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background …
⋮
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Conceptual Review
2.3 Theoretical Framework
⋮
2.4 Empirical Studies
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Population of Study
3.4 Sampling and Sampling Technique
3.5 Validation of Research Instrument
3.6 Method of Data Collection
3.7 Method of Data Analysis
3.8 Questionnaire Administration
3.9 Ethical Consideration
3.10 Statistical Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS, RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data
4.3 Re-statement of Research Questions
4.4 Test of Hypotheses
4.5 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Summary of Findings
5.3 Conclusion
5.4 Recommendation
5.5 Suggestion for Further Study
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A - “QUESTIONNAIRE”

Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Incidence and prevalence of gastroenteritis among underfive years children" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Is the topic “The Impact of Corruption on Good Governance and Development in Nigeria (1999-2013)” recommended for Public Administration (PA) Project?

Yes it is highly recommended — This study is an attempt to examine the extent corruption has retarded good governance and development in Nigeria from 1999 to 2011. If focuses on the determination of the cause(s) of corruption in Nigeria; the implications and recommendations of appropriate solutions to curb the menace. Discoveries were made such ; corruption as the cause of bad governance in Nigeria; breeds bad leadership; creates room for looting of public treasury by public office holders and enhances waste of government funds as a result of ghost workers. The key recommendations were also given such as; every public office holder should be made declare his or her assets before commencement of duties and prior to their leaving of offices and have to be …

Can the material for “Computerized E-Post Management System” be used as a guide for Software Engineering Project?

Yes it can be used — Electronic posting (E-post) is the use of a web site or other form of electronic communication used to display information gathered in connection with a fraud alert network. The aim of the study is to Design and Implement of a Web based E-post Management System. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to design and develop a software that will: analyze the global trends in e-commerce and why it is important for economic developments, identify the benefits of the adoption of e-post management system by courier Service Company, and an e-post platform that can be used by customers to order for post office items and make payment online. The motivation for embarking in this research work …

Can this topic “Problems of Facilities Management in Corporate Organizations” be used for Estate Management (EM) Project?

Yes it can be utilized for research — Facilities management in Nigeria is still in an early learning cycle when compared with the situation in Europe, USA etc where the practice has been on since the 1980’s. Some corporate organizations are increasingly embracing the need for efficient facilities management. Like any new venture, facilities management practice in Nigeria is expected to also have its commencement problems. This study examines the role of the facilities manager and highlights the problems that constrain effective facilities management. The research adopted both survey and case study methods. The survey was used in data collection while the case study was based on an intensive study of six selected drug, beverages and textile manufacturing industries in Lagos. The sampling technique used was simple random sampling. …

Can the material for “Impact of Electronic Payment System on Customer Satisfaction” be used as a guide for Business Administration and Management (BAM) Project?

Yes it can be used — The study examined the impact of electronic payment system on customer satisfaction in Nigeria. Particularly, the study investigated the extent to which electronic payment systems such as internet banking, mobile banking, ATM and POS system influence customer satisfaction in Nigeria using a case study of students of Redeemers University. It can be deduced from the review of literature that e-payment systems promote service delivery, loyalty and customer satisfaction. E-payment systems help to track customers. It also helps to map out terrains of the future and chart the most profitable course and also changes the way organizations approach their customers. The study made use of primary data. Structured questionnaire was administered to 164 randomly selected students of Redeemers University. The data obtained were …

Can this topic “Federal Character Principle and Its Implication on Manpower Utilization” be used for Public Administration (PA) Project?

Yes it can be utilized for research — This research project examined the Federal Character Principle and its implication on Manpower Utilization with the emphasis on Recruitment process at the Federal Capital Development Authority (FCDA). In view of the above, the researcher investigated how public recruitment is carried out and how the Federal Character Principle is plied in all public organization. The research methodology used, consist of simple random sampling technique, both primary and secondary source of data collection were used. Questionnaires were administered to some of the staff of FCDA, hypothesis were formulated and tested with the use of chi-square to assess the implication of Federal Character Principle on Manpower utilization with emphasis on recruitment process in their organization (FCDA). Finally recommendations were made on the way forward …

Can the material for “Determinants of Audit Fees in Nigeria; An Empirical Analysis” be used as a guide for Accountancy / Accounting Project?

Yes it can be used — This study examines the determinant of audit fee behavior in Nigeria. Thus, the study is delimited to the banking industry in Nigeria. The period 2008-2012 of all the banks listed in the Nigeria Stock Exchange (NSE). The aim of the study is to examine the Determinants of Audit Fees in Nigeria: an Empirical Analysis. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to examine the relationship between audit fees and auditee’s size among quoted firms in Nigeria, ascertain the relationship between audit fees and auditee complexity among quoted firms in Nigeria, find out the relationship between audit fees and auditee risk among quoted firms in Nigeria, and examine the relationship audit fees and auditee profitability among listed …

Is the topic “Effect of Good Filing System on Productivity of a Secretary” recommended for Office Technology and Management (OTM) Project?

Yes it is highly recommended — Secretarial documents are filled in order to retain them in good condition, for record purpose and to survey them for effective, detailed investigation of information management for easy retrieval. The study was carried out to investigate the Effect of Good Filing System on Productivity of a Secretary using Staff Personnel in Federal Polytechnic Nekede, Owerri (FPNO) as a case study. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to determine the efficiency and effectiveness of the system and classification in use and identify the type of filing classification adopted by senior staff personnel Department of the FPNO. The research design used in this report is descriptive design, utilizing questionnaire method to obtain information from the respondents for …

Can the material for “Influences of Occupational Safety Management on Employee’s Job Commitment” be used as a guide for Industrial Relations and Personnel Management (IRPM) Project?

Yes it can be used — Organization safety management is a function that hinges on the human resource department of every organization in the current realities of business life. This study looks at how safety management is used not only to promote workers well being, but as a way of increasing their efficiency towards their work and to motivate them in putting their best into their work and also to bring about all round improvement in their performance as related to productivity. This study also examines the impact of labour laws and legislation on the practices of occupational safety in the workplace and how best organizations have been adhering to the labour standards and factories Acts. A survey research method was adopted using Wempco Ltd, Lagos as …

Can the material for “Motivating Labour Force for Higher Productivity” be used as a guide for Business Administration and Management (BAM) Project?

Yes it can be used — This project looked into motivating labour force for higher productivity using Zenith Bank Plc as a case study. Five research questions were formulated for the study all derived from the objective of the study. Questionnaire was used to gather data from thirty (30) respondents in Zenith Bank Plc, based on the research questions drown for the study. No sampling method was adopted as the population studied was manageable. Simple percentage method was used to analyze the data collected. The study revealed that motivation is a goal-oriented behaviour as it drives to higher productivity. Employees can be motivated through many ways in order to get the best in them. This can be done by identifying what constitutes the employees needs. The …

Can the material for “An Analysis on the Availability of Information Resources for Medical Research in Nigeria” be used as a guide for Education Project?

Yes it can be used — Library information sources are platforms containing rich sources of information that are current, topical, available and accessible. Utilization of information resources by medical libraries is exciting and challenging in all facets of their services and functions. Today, medical libraries are required to provide quantitative and qualitative information sources and services to health care professionals in medical institutions. However, it has been observed that students and medical professionals don?t even make use of the medical library as they ought to. …