IMPACT OF INSECURITY ON AGRICULTURE IN KONDUGA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA
ABSTRACT
The study was carried out to examine the Impact of Insecurity on Agriculture in Konduga Local Government Area. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to determine the relationship between insecurity and agricultural food loss and determine measures to mitigate and eliminate Socio Economic insecurity on agriculture in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno State. The research design used in this report is descriptive design, utilizing questionnaire method to obtain information from the respondents for this project. A total of 200 (two hundred) respondents were selected for this study to represent the entire population of the study. For null hypotheses were formulated and tested using the one-way ANOVA and the t-test statistical tools at zero point zero five (0.05) level of significance. Primary data were collected from the primary source which questionnaire was used as an instrument of data collection while secondary data were sources from textbooks, journals, newspapers and the internet were employed. The data were presented on a frequency distribution table and analyzed using simple percentage, while hypothesis was tested using chi-square test. The study shall provide an analysis of the nature, causes, Vulnerability and Socio Economic effect of insecurity on national development in Nigeria with a view to determine measures to mitigate and eliminate the trend. The study will also serve a veritable source of information on issues of insecurity and national development in Nigeria. Based on the findings, it is recommended that the Government should invest in and equip the security personnel through proper training, upgrading of security gadgets, and adequate funding. Also, government and policymakers should make an unrelenting effort to improve the agricultural sector with the aid of modern mechanized equipment, to reduce the rate of unemployment and poverty.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
In any nation with security challenges, governance and economic growth are threatened. The current insecurity situation of Nigeria is deplorable as lives are lost on daily basis, businesses are in comatose settlements are displaced, investments are constrained, while people live in fear amid abject poverty due to low productivity and rising unemployment. Bombings especially in the Northern part of Nigeria have posed serious challenges and threat to the peace and stability of Nigeria macroeconomic environment (Ajufo, 2013).
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.
1.2 Background of Study
Agriculture in Nigeria was the main source of income before the discovery of oil. The main national priority in Nigeria is to make food secure when considering the vast majority of its 198.1 million population (FMARD, 2016). The Nigerian government has made strides to revive the agricultural sector; to diversify its economy in order to match up with other developed countries in the world. Despite the favorable agro-ecological endowments, Nigeria still has low productivity in food production. Only about 32 million hectares or 34.63 percent are used for cultivation out of the total landmass of 92.4 million hectares, which is Nigeria. Therefore, Nigeria lacks both the capacity and capability to cater for the food and nutrition requirements of its teeming population (Fadare et al., 2019).
Agricultural sector development is considered to hold the key to economic development for most Sub-Saharan countries including Nigeria (Olukunle, 2013). This is because it contributes immensely to the growth and development of such Sub-Saharan economies as it provides food and raw materials to the non-agricultural sectors of the economy, it provides employment opportunities to a vast majority of unemployed labor and serves as an avenue by which valuable foreign exchange can be earned through the export of agricultural products.
The general state of insecurity in Nigeria presently lends credence to the report that kidnapping is an offshoot of the Niger Delta crisis. This insurgency has thrown a huge cloak of insecurity not just over the entire south-south geopolitical zone, but also the southeast, and southwest. Kidnapping gangs have made the two zones their haven. Noperson is spared in this new wave of crime that seems to have supplanted armed robbery and other non-contact crimes. However, the security challenge this poses to the state of Nigeria is better understood against existing evidence that even government officials and traditional rulers are not spared.
This has led to some of these officials relocating their families outside the geopolitical zone or outside the country. What the current trend of violence is imprinting on the psyche of Nigerians is that the government security apparatus is incapable of guaranteeing the safety and security of its people. This would, therefore, impact on the human security of the people as the situation promotes fear, while at the same time limiting the peoples’ ability to develop economically.
Therefore, in Borno State where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the Impact of Insecurity on Agriculture in Konduga Local Government Area.
1.3 Statement of Problems
Investigation revealed that the farmers have been kidnapped by gunmen, bandits, and armed Fulani herdsmen across the states in Nigeria. In the conflicts between two communities that took place in October 2018 in Kaduna, almost eighty farmers were injured and killed. Kidnapping in the country has become so rampant. Some northern farmers and communities had to pay some amounts to bandits to avoid being attacked.
Increase wave of violence of terrorism, insurgency, arms trafficking, kidnappings, arm robbery, ethnic crisis etc constitutes a devastating threat to the security of lives and property of the citizenry. This research intends to investigate Vulnerability and Socio Economic Effects of Insecurity to national development. The problem of unemployment is adding to the strength of poverty in the country and both are growing stronger (Daniel, 2013).
Ajufo (2013) stated that unemployment and poverty has been a major problem giving rise to criminal tendency in the youths and threatens the social economic peace and stability of the country. In Nigeria, despite the impressive economic growth over the last 10 years, unemployment and the incidence of poverty has worsened (Bulgarian, 2014).
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to examine the Impact of Insecurity on Agriculture in Konduga Local Government Area. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To determine the relationship between insecurity and agricultural food loss in the area under study;
- To identify the sources and causes of national insecurity in the area under study;
- To determine measures to mitigate and eliminate Socio Economic insecurity on agriculture in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno State.
1.5 Research Questions
The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:
- Does any relationship exist between insecurity and agricultural food loss in the area under study?
- What are the sources and causes of national insecurity in the area under study?
- What are measures needed to mitigate and eliminate Socio Economic insecurity on agriculture in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno State?
1.6 Research Hypothesis
In order to pursue the objective of this study, the following generalized statements have been designed to guide and aids in obtaining the result for the experiment to be conducted. For this work, the null hypothesis will be represented with H0 while the alternative hypothesis will be represented with hypothesis H1.
Hypothesis One
- H0: There is no significant relationship exist between insecurity and agricultural food loss in the area under study
- H1: There is a significant relationship exist between insecurity and agricultural food loss in the area under study
1.7 Significance of Study
The study shall provide an analysis of the nature, causes, Vulnerability and Socio Economic effect of insecurity on national development in Nigeria with a view to determine measures to mitigate and eliminate the trend. The study will also serve a veritable source of information on issues of insecurity and national development in Nigeria.
This study will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.
1.8 Scope of Study
The scope of the research is focused on the Impact of Insecurity on Agriculture in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno State.
1.9 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
- Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
1.10 Definition of Terms
Insecurity: Achumba (2013) defines insecurity from two perspectives. Firstly, insecurity is the state of being open or subject to danger or threat of danger, where danger is the condition of being susceptible to harm or injury.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
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