FORMULATION OF PERFUME FROM ESSENTIAL OIL EXTRACTED FROM LEMONGRASS

ABSTRACT

Perfume extraction refer to the extraction of aromatic compounds from raw materials, using method such as distillation, solvent extraction, expression or effleurage. The extracts are either essential oils, absolutes, concretes, or butters, depending on the amount of waxes in the extracted product. Heat, chemical solvents, or exposure to oxygen in the extraction process denature the aromatic compounds, either changing their odor, character or rendering them odorless. In this project water distillation and solvent extraction were used to extract essential oils from lemongrass, 0.67% and 1.22% of essential oil respectively was produced. The extracted essential oil was formulated into perfume using a fixative and carrier solvent.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background of Study

Perfume is a fragrant liquid made from an extract that has been distilled in alcohol and water.

The term perfume comes from the Latin word “per” meaning “through” and “fume,” or “smoke.” Many ancient perfumes were made by extracting natural oils from plants through pressing and steaming. The oil was then burnt to scent the air.

Making of perfume involves three key ingredients; essential oils, pure grain oil and water.Techniques involved in perfume extraction from plants include; solvent extraction, steam distillation and effleurage method. These methods tend distort the odor of the aromatic compounds that are obtained.

Perfume can be formulated from essential oil extracted from many plant species such as lemongrass, cocoa nut, groundnuts, eucalyptus and some species are mainly cultivated as culinary and medicinal herbs because of their scent. Lemongrass essential oil is extracted from Cymbopogon citratus of the Poaceae family. (M.A.Suryawanshi, 2016)

Perfume is categorized into two groups; pure perfume (any fragrance derived completely from processed natural material like raw fruits, flowers, leaves, seeds, roots, without any artificial components), and synthetic perfume (derive from artificial compound and materials belong to a family of chemicals called petrochemical obtained from petroleum and natural gas). (Anne Marie, 2007).

According to a study conducted by the environmental working group showed that, the perfume industry employs over 3100 combination of synthetic compounds, with an average 29 perfume sporting chemicals, half of which are not included on the ingredient label, some artificial ingredients are not present in the umbilical cord blood of a newborn babies (Anne Marie, 2007). This means that mothers wearing certain scent are actually passing toxins onto their children and this can be linked to many allergic reaction, such as eczema, asthma attacks, disruption in hormone and suppress the immune system. Unless someone happen to be allergic to one of the ingredients, but all pure perfumes, made properly with essential oils, have no associated health risk ornegative side effects. (Anne Marie, 2007)

1.2 Problem Statement

Majority of synthetic compounds used in formulation of perfume belong to a chemical family called petrochemical derived from petroleum and natural gases. These have been linked to many allergic reactions, such as eczema, asthma attacks, and disruption in hormone and suppress the immune system(Anne Marie, 2007).This creates carcinogen which involve in the formation of cancerous cell. According to the EU's scientific committee on cosmetic products, 2% of people suffer an allergic reaction in response to a synthetic fragrance.The abundant availability of lemongrass in the country, it can also laydown a foundation for small-scale industries(Green, june 1991).

1.3 Objectives

1.3.1 General Objective

To formulate perfume from essential oils extracted from lemongrass (CYMBOPOGON FLEXUOSUS).

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

To extract essential oil from lemongrass (cymbopogon flexuosus).
To investigate the properties of extracted essential oils.
To formulate perfume from essential oils extracted.

1.4 Justification

The study will not only be stretching the limit of the resources by using lemongrass for other purpose but also there will be production of a product that is commercially viable for places where lemongrasses are cultivated in large quantities as weeds.

The success of this work will stimulate the development of the perfume industry locally because of available cheap raw materials, hence job creation for those that will be engaged in planting/cultivation of the lemongrass. This will lead reduction on the resources spent on importation of lemongrass fragrance by end users.

…

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRELIMINARY PAGES

Title page
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
Abstract

CHAPTER ONE:

Introduction

1.1 Background

1.2 Problem Statement

1.3 Objectives

1.3.1 General Objective

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

1.4 Justification

CHAPTER TWO:

Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Perfume Concentration

2.3 Perfume Notes

2.3.1 Top Notes

2.3.2 Middle Notes

2.3.3 Base Notes

2.4 Sources Perfume

2.4.1 Aromatic sources

2.4.2 Synthetic source

2.4.3 Essential oil source

2.5 Lemongrass

2.5.1 Oil properties

2.5.2 Origin of lemongrass oil

2.5.3 Extraction

2.5.4 Chemical Composition

2.5.5 Uses of lemongrass oil

2.6 Extraction of Essential oil

2.6.1 Water Distillation

2.6.2 Solvent-Extraction

2.6.3 Effleurage

2.6.4 Steam Distillation

2.7 Important Physical and Chemical properties of Essential oils

2.7.1 Physical properties

2.7.2 Chemical Constituents of Essential oils

2.8 Parameters Affecting Yield and Quality of Essential Oils

2.8.1 Mode of Distillation

2.8.2 Improper Design of Equipment

2.8.3 Material of Fabrication of Equipment

2.8.4 Condition of Raw Material

2.8.5 Time for Distillation

2.8.6 Loading of Raw Material and Steam Distribution

2.8.7 Operating Parameters

2.8.8 Condition of Tank and Equipment

2.8.9 Particle Size of the raw material loading to the chamber

2.9 Formulation of Perfume

CHAPTER THREE:

Methodology

3.1 Sample Collection

3.2 Sample Preparation

3.4 Oil Extraction Methods

3.4.1 Solvent Extraction Method

3.4.2 Water Distillation

3.5 Components of the Water Extraction plant

3.5.1 Extraction Chamber

3.5.2 Condenser

3.5.3 Separator

3.6 Determination of the Yield of lemongrass oil

3.7 Characterization of Lemongrass Oil

3.7.1 Physicochemical properties of Lemongrass Oil

3.8 Formulation of Perfume

CHAPTER FOUR:

Result and Discussion

4.1 Determination of moisture contents

4.2 Percentage yield

4.3 Factors affected the yield of extracted oil

4.3.1 Effect of extraction time on the yield of extracted oil with water distillation method

4.3.2 Effect of particle size on the yield of extracted oil

4.4 Physical properties

4.4.1 pH determination

4.4.2 Specific gravity determination

4.4.2 Viscosity determination

4.4.3 Boiling point of lemongrass oil

4.4.4 Evaporation residue of lemongrass oil

4.4.5 Flash point determination

4.4.6 Solubility of lemongrass oil

4.5 Quality evaluation of the lemongrass oil

4.5.1 Acid value determination

4.5.2 Saponification value determination

4.5.3 Iodine number determination

4.6 Formulated perfume

CHAPTER FIVE:

Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Conclusion

5.2 Recommendation

REFERENCES

APPENDIX

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