FOOD SECURITY; A STRATEGY FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
Poverty has the consequences of breeding social disillusionment with respect to what the objectives are and members responsibilities towards attainment of the objectives just as ignorance maintains poverty, so also can poverty perpetuate ignorance, since the victims cannot think. And pray beyond where the next meal is coming from.
The magnitude and extent of poverty in any country depend on two factors: the average level of National income and the degree of inequality in its distribution. Clearly, for any given level of National per capita income, the more unequal the distribution, the greater the incidence of poverty. Similarity, for any given distribution, the lower the average income level, the greater the incidence of poverty.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
The World Bank (2000) defines poverty as a “multidimensional phenomenon, encompassing inability to satisfy basic needs, lack control, poor health, malnutrition, lack of shelter, poor access to water and sanitation, vulnerability to shocks, violence and crime, lack of political freedom.
The food and Agriculture organization of united Nation (FOA) defines food security as “access by all people at all times to food needed for a Healthy and active life” (FAO 2000). However, achieving food security necessitates that food be available on a regular basis and that all those people in need of it can obtain it. According to FAO, chronic under nutrition and food insecurity are principally caused by a combination of factors such as low agricultural productivity, high seasonal and year to year variability in food supplies and lack of off-farm employment opportunities.
The issue of poverty alleviation is recently emerging as a major subject of concern in national and international policy discourse. However, the intensity of poverty in less developing countries is more severe than that of the developed countries. Poverty is seen as a problem of economic development in less developing countries while growth is perceived to be the problems of developed countries.
The magnitude and extent of poverty in any country depend on two factors: the average level of National income and the degree of inequality in its distribution. Clearly, for any given level of National per capita income, the more unequal the distribution, the greater the incidence of poverty. Similarly, for any given distribution, the lower the average income level, the greater the incidence of poverty.
During the 1970s, the interest in poverty increases development economists took first step in measuring its magnitude, within and across countries by attempting to establish a common poverty line. They went even further and devised the widely used concept of absolute poverty. It is meant to represent a specific minimum level of income needed to satisfy the basic physical need of food, clothing, shelter, in order to ensure continued survival.
In addition to struggling on low income many people in developing nations fight a constant battle against malnutrition disease and ill health. Although there have been significant improvements since the 1960s, in the least developed countries of the world, life expectancy in 1998 still averaged only 48 years, compared to 63 years among other developing countries and 75 years in developed nations.
In the 1990s, the situation continues to deteriorate in sub-Saharan African with deep declinesin food consumption and widespread famine in both Asia and Africa, over 60 percent of the population barely met minimum calorie requirements necessary to maintain adequate health, moreover, it has been estimated that the calorine deficit amounted to less than a 2 percent of the world cereal production. This contradicts the widely held view that malnutrition is inevitable result of imbalance between World populations and world food supplies. The mores likely explanation can be found in the world income distribution. Thus malnutrition and poor health in the developing world are perhaps even more a matter of food production, even though, the two factors are indirectly interrelated.
The basic reason for the concentration of people and production in agricultural and other primary production activities in developing countries is a simple fact at low income levels, the first priorities of any person are food, clothing and shelter. Agricultural productivity is low not only because of large numbers of people in relation to available land but also LDCagricultural is often characterized by primitive technologies, poor organization and limited physical and human capital inputs. Technological backwardness persists because developing country agriculture is predominantly non-commercial peasant farming. It is no wonder that efforts to improve efficiency of agricultural production and increase the yields of rice, wheat, maize, (corn), soya beans, and millet are now and will continue to be top priority development objectives.
1.1 Problem Analysis
Food security, a means of poverty alleviation efforts in Nigeria is sustained through local initiation as well as international assistance. There are however, several obstacles to the effective implementation of the programmes. Some of the obstacles hunges from the fact that many of the programme were either not well designed, formulated or implementation in a co-ordinate manner, most of the poverty reduction programmes have relied solely on government subvention for their operation resulting in financial problem during the period of decline in government revenue, discontinuity and other bureaucratic decent.
The programmes also fail as a result of inconsistency, corruption of government officials and public servants, poor target mechanism and failure to focus directly on the poor and thereby reducing poverty.
1.2 Objectives Of Study
The aim of this study is to examine the impact of food security as a means of poverty alleviation in Nigeria. In addition this study seeks to examine:
- The impact of National programme for food security on poverty alleviation in Nigeria.
- The effect of food security in alleviation poverty.
- To access the impact of other poverty alleviation programmes on the poor.
1.3 Research Questions
- Do food insecurity constitute a problem to poverty alleviation in Nigeria
- Does poverty alleviation programme impacted on the poor.
- Does food security leads to poverty reduction.
- How effective is food security as a means of poverty alleviation in Nigeria.
1.4 Research Hypothesis
- Ho: Food insecurity do not significantly influence poverty.
- Hi: Food insecurity do significantly influence poverty.
1.5 Research Methodology
The research methodology adopted in this study would be partly theoretical and partly quantitative. Data requirement for the study shall be obtained purely through include primary such data sources administration of questionnaire, oral interview personal observation e.t.c. The survey method shall be adopted to analyze the data obtained from the primary data. Chisquare test is employed to analyze the data.
X2= (Foi − fei)+ (FO2 − Fe2)+ ………….. (Fon − Fen)2
Fei Fei Fen
Where X2= chi square
Fo = frequency observed
Fe = Frequency expected.
1.6 Significance Of Study
An examination of indicator of economic performances shows how that poverty has eaten deep into the fabric of the society. The GDP is severely declining, unemployment increasing, low level of agricultural productivity, high seasonal and year to year variability in food supplies and low level of income.
In order to reduce hungers, action is required in the following areas: ensuring enabling conditions, improving access to food, producing food, increasing the role of trade, dealing adequately with disaster and investing in food security. Poverty is considered as one of the major causes of food insecurity and poverty eradication is essential to improve access to food.
1.7 Scope And Limitation Of Study.
This study is carried out with emphasis on food security as a means of poverty alleviation in Nigeria. The researcher is carried out by using well structured questionnaire form distributed to various categories of people in the economy particularly farmers, students and government agencies within the Lagos environment. The study is limited to the analysis of the contribution of food security in terms of: poverty reduction through food security and improving agricultural productivity.
1.8 Plan Of Study
The research work is divided into five (5) chapters.
- Chapter one examine the introduction (if the study.
- Chapter two examines the review of literature on food security and poverty alleviation in Nigeria.
- Chapter three contains the research methodology and analytical framework.
- Chapter four captures the presentation of data and its analysis
- while chapter five rounded up the study with the summary, conclusion and recommendation.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
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