EVALUATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF THE PHYSIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE FLOURS
ABSTRACT
Cassava, yams (Dioscorea spp.), and sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) are important sources of food in the tropics. The cassava plant gives the third-highest yield of carbohydrates per cultivated area among crop plants, after sugarcane and sugar beets. The aim of the study is to Evaluate and Optimize the Physiochemical Properties of Composite Flours Made from Wheat Cassava and Orange Flesh Sweet Potato. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to Evaluate the Composite Flours Made from Wheat Cassava and Orange Flesh Sweet Potato, optimize the Physiochemical Properties of Composite Flours Made from Wheat Cassava and Orange Flesh Sweet Potato, examine the physico-chemical and functional properties of orange fleshed sweet potato-based composite flours on dry weight basis and investigate the effects of processing methods on the physico-chemical properties of sweet potato. Primary data were collected from the primary source which questionnaire was used as an instrument of data collection while secondary data were sources from textbooks, journals, newspapers and the internet were employed. Incorporation of Wheat Cassava powders resulted in nutrient enhanced orange fleshed-based composite flours with improved nutritional, physico-chemical and functional properties. This study showed that production of OFSP flours enriched with Cassava and skimmed milk powders has potential to contribute to the reduction of malnutrition among children aged 6–59 months in developing countries. Cassava plays a particularly important role in agriculture in developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, because it does well on poor soils and with low rainfall, and because it is a perennial that can be harvested as required.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
The sweet potato or sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is a dicotyledonous plant that belongs to the bindweed or morning glory family, Convolvulaceae. Its large, starchy, sweet-tasting, tuberous roots are a root vegetable (Alkasrawi et al., 2003). The young leaves and shoots are sometimes eaten as greens. The sweet potato is commonly thought to be a type of potato (Solanum tuberosum) but does not belong to the nightshade family, Solanaceae, but both families belong to the same taxonomic order, the Solanales. The sweet potato, especially the orange variety, is often called a "yam" in parts of North America, but is botanically very distinct from true yams.
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.
1.2 Background of Study
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is an important food crop in the tropical and sub tropical countries and belongs to the family convolvulaceae. It is cultivated in more than 100 countries (Woolfe, 1992). Nigeria is the third largest producer in the world with china leading, followed by Uganda. Sweet potato ranks seventh among the world food crops, third in value of production and fifth in caloric contribution to human diet (Bouwkamp, 1985). Sweet potatoes are rich in dietary fibre, minerals, vitamins and anti oxidants such as phenolic acids, anthocyanins, tocopherol and ß- carotene. Besides acting as anti oxidants, carotenoids and phenolic compounds also provide sweet potatoes with their distinctive flesh colours ( cream, deep yellow, orange and purple). Sweet potato blends with rice, cowpea and plantain in nigerian diets. It is also becoming popular as a substitute to yam and garri. It can be reconstituted into fofoo or blended with other carbohydrate flour sources such as wheat ( Triticum aestivum) and cassava ( Manihot esculenta) for baking bread, biscuits and other confectioneries (Woolfe, 1992).
Cassava flour production till date is carried out at local levels mostly by local women who do so to enhance household food security (Fapojuwe, 2008), and according to Nweke et al. (2002), production of cassava flour remains labour-intensive. Large scale production of cassava flour in Nigeria failed probably due to the limited information on processing variables that promote detoxification in cassava, and fermentation to produce unique flavor characteristics associated with cassava flour (Achinewu and Owuamanam, 2001; Nweke et al., 2002).
Fresh cassava root contains a toxic compound (hydrogen cyanide), which is harmful for human consumption and apparently detrimental for the use of cassava in food industries (Iglesias et al., 2002). However, research have shown that processing techniques such as peeling, fermentation, soaking and drying can detoxify and reduce the cyanide content, improve palatability and add value to the root (Cardoso et al., 2005; Burns et al., 2012). Converting cassava root into food forms and raw materials such as fufu, cassava flour, tapioca, flour, chips and pellets can extend the shelf-life, facilitate trade and promote industrial use (Taiwo, 2006; Fadeyibi, 2012).
Therefore, in Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to Evaluate and Optimize the Physiochemical Properties of Composite Flours Made from Wheat Cassava and Orange Flesh Sweet Potato.
1.3 Statement of Problems
Investigation reveals the problems of the Evaluation and Optimization of the Physiochemical Properties of Composite Flours Made from Wheat Cassava and Orange Flesh Sweet Potato research work which entails that, it difficult to understand how cassava and cassava products such as cassava flour can be promoted without giving proper consideration to the fact that it contains cyanogens (linamarin) that liberates poisonous cyanide in the body. Consumption of cassava and its products containing amounts of cyanide can cause acute intoxication, with symptoms of dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, stomach pains, diarrhea and sometimes death (Oluwole et al., 2003).
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is native to the tropical regions in the Americas (Bamforth et al., 1993).Of the approximately 50 genera and more than 1,000 species of Convolvulaceae, I. batatas is the only crop plant of major importance—some others are used locally (e.g., I. aquatica "kangkong"), but many are poisonous. The genus Ipomoea that contains the sweet potato also includes several garden flowers called morning glories, though that term is not usually extended to Ipomoea batatas. Some cultivars of Ipomoea batatas are grown as ornamental plants under the name tuberous morning glory, used in a horticultural context.
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to Evaluate and Optimize the Physiochemical Properties of Composite Flours Made from Wheat Cassava and Orange Flesh Sweet Potato. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To Evaluate the Composite Flours Made from Wheat Cassava and Orange Flesh Sweet Potato
- To optimize the Physiochemical Properties of Composite Flours Made from Wheat Cassava and Orange Flesh Sweet Potato
- To examine the physico-chemical and functional properties of orange fleshed sweet potato-based composite flours on dry weight basis
- To investigate the effects of processing methods on the physico-chemical properties of sweet potato
1.5 Significance of Study
Cassava, yams (Dioscorea spp.), and sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) are important sources of food in the tropics. The cassava plant gives the third-highest yield of carbohydrates per cultivated area among crop plants, after sugarcane and sugar beets. Cassava plays a particularly important role in agriculture in developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, because it does well on poor soils and with low rainfall, and because it is a perennial that can be harvested as required. Its wide harvesting window allows it to act as a famine reserve and is invaluable in managing labor schedules. It offers flexibility to resource-poor farmers because it serves as either subsistence or a cash crop (Wikipedia, 2021).
This study will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.
1.6 Scope of Study
The study focuses on the Evaluation and Optimization of the Physiochemical Properties of Composite Flours Made from Wheat Cassava and Orange Flesh Sweet Potato.
1.7 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
- Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet).
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
Procedure for Downloading the PDF (Docx) Material
Evaluation and Optimization of the Physiochemical Properties of Composite Flours can be downloaded by requesting the full set of materials at the project or seminar cost. The document will be sent via Microsoft Word (MS-Word) format via WhatsApp (e-mail) following payment confirmation.
| Seminar Material Cost ₦3,000 | Project Material Cost ₦5,000 |
Request Complete Material
 | Click here to request the Complete Material via WhatsApp including;
|
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Evaluation and Optimization of the Physiochemical Properties of Composite Flours" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Can this topic “Role of Banks in International Trade in Nigeria” be used for Banking and Finance (BF) Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — This project work has critically highlighted the compact of the Role of Banks International Trade in Nigeria, the problems affecting the Role in Banks in international trade in Nigeria have been identified and how they can be controlled is also includes in the study and ways to solve them are inductive in the study. This study also examines the lapses and recommends some viable points (s) that can also contribute to the image of the industry. …
Can the material for “Measurement and Assessment of Indoor and Outdoor Ambient Radiation Levels At the Take-Off Site” be used as a guide for Physics Project?
Yes it can be used — Harmful background radiation in our environment has been identified as one of the primary causes of various ailments such as cancer and tumors in our society today. These Higher radiation levels are emitted from igneous rocks such as granite rocks and soil formed from the weathering of these rocks as well as Radon gas in the atmosphere while lower radiation levels are usually associated with sedimentary rocks. This research project is aimed at the measurement and assessment of ambient indoor and outdoor radiation levels at the take-off site of Federal University Dutsin-Ma to ascertain the amount of ionizing radiation present. The indoor and outdoor radiation levels were measured in thirty-six (36) buildings, some road pavements and outdoor sports facilities are also …
Is the topic “Design and Implementation of a Digital Cash Transaction System” recommended for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — The digital cash transaction system involves the use of digital pin codes to represent paper cash with transactions carried out during business transaction. The aim of the study is to Design and Implement a Digital Cash Transaction System. In achieving this aim the following objectives were laid out as follows to design and develop an application software that will Incorporate an effective security design into digital cash transaction system to prevent all forms of excess spending of available money in owner’s account and Aids fast synchronization during verification of account which is necessary. The motivation that led to the design of the proposed system is that the current process of cash receipt generation is being operated manually and due to …
Can the material for “Poverty and Political Violence amongst Youth in Nigeria” be used as a guide for Political Science Project?
Yes it can be used — Elections are the central processes of democratic representative government because in any democracy the authority of government derives solely from the consent of the governed. The aim of the study is to scrutinize the Poverty and Political Violence amongst Youth in Nigeria. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to examine the role of poverty in instigating political violence, ascertain if there is any significant relationship between poverty and political violence in Warri-South Local Government Area, examine the effect of political violence on the democratic process of Nigeria, and ascertain impact of poverty as a catalyst to political violence in Nigeria. The research design used in this report is descriptive design, utilizing questionnaire method to obtain …
Can this topic “Contrastive Analysis of the Morphemes of the English and Igbo Languages” be used for English / Igbo Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — Since Language occurs in a great range of modalities; for example, it is encountered in scientific formulas as pure description unconditioned by time and place, and ideally conveys nothing about the individual who constructed it. This study focuses on analyzing and contrasting the processes of morphemes of both English and Igbo languages. The method of data analysis was contrastive, since this research is a contrastive study of morphemes of English and Igbo languages. The various rules and processes of the formation of words via morphemes was identified and classified for the purpose of contrastive studies. In trying to find out the similarities and differences, English and Igbo morphemes were compared so as to postulate the degree of possible interference the …
Can the material for “Assessment of Kwara State Junior Secondary School Agricultural Students Proficiency” be used as a guide for Education Project?
Yes it can be used — Agricultural Students Proficiency is a state of being high degree of competency through training and practice of agricultural subject. The aim of the study is to examine the Assessment of Kwara State Junior Secondary School Agricultural Students Proficiency in Some Agricultural Concepts and Terms. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to determine the competencies in instruction for which teachers are not proficient and require improvement in Kwara State Junior Secondary School, determine the competencies in Agriculture curriculum content for which teachers are not proficient and require improvement, investigate junior secondary school students' interest in agriculture learning, examine the acquired basic knowledge and skills in agriculture, and analyze the numerous career opportunities offered by agriculture and …
Can the material for “The Effect of Indirect Taxation on Consumption in Nigeria” be used as a guide for Accountancy / Accounting Project?
Yes it can be used — Tax has been one of the major revenue sources in Nigeria. The taxes paid come back to the taxpayers in the form of social amenities. However experience has shown that most Nigerians (both individual and corporate citizens) avoid or evade tax obligation for reason that it negatively affects their consumption. The study was carried out to critically assess the effect of indirect tax on consumption of goods and services in Nigeria. Sample survey design was adopted and instrument used for data collection was structured questionnaire. The population of the study consists of 60 residents in Enugu North Local Government Area. Taro Yamane (1964) formula was used to determine the sample size of 52. Data was presented using frequency and simple …
Can this topic “Impact of Budget and Budgetary Control” be used for Business Administration and Management (BAM) Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — This research work is carried out to determine the impact of budget and budgetary control with special reference to Morris fertilizer company Minna Niger State. This topic is chosen because of dearth in the awareness as regards the contribution of budget and budgetary control in the improvement of the overall performance of an organization. However for the purpose of this work the researcher highlights the purpose an effective budgetary control could serve an organization. Types of budgets preparation of a budge manual as well as the budgeting concepts with emphasis on the planning programming budgeting system (PPBS) was death with extensively in the project work by the researcher. Data were collected from both primary and secondary sources the analysis of …
Can the material for “The Impact of Effective Compensation on the Employees Performance” be used as a guide for Business Administration and Management (BAM) Project?
Yes it can be used — This study examined the impact of effective compensation on the employees performance. Total compensation is a concept which is not usually given attention in many organization. Compensation is mostly viewed as cash and therefore other aspects are neglected viewing compensation as a holistic system to manage for productivity is pertinent to organizational development. The researcher used questionnaire that is carefully designed and administered to the respondents for secondary data. Information were both gathered from libraries and other research units. All information gathered from both sources were later arranged and presented in textual and tabular form and also analysis using percentages. The major findings of the study are: Individual employees requires different motivational techniques in order to be motivated. Incentive and …
Can the material for “The Impact of Public Sector Accounting on Government Revenue Generation and Expenditure Control on Public Funds” be used as a guide for Finance Project?
Yes it can be used — Government generate revenue in order to enable it perform its functions. This project is all about how government source for fund and how it spends it. It also focused on the need for expenditure control on public funds. In course of this project. this is to enable text books and journals wer used as materials for this project. this is to enable the researcher known the view of other authors on this study. Chapter one and two were based on the objectives and the problems of the study. Data used in this are through primary and secondary sources. The primary source include; oral interview and questionnaires Chapter three and four discussed the presentation and analysis of data testing of hypothesis and interpretation …