EVALUATION OF MALE ALBINO WISTAR RATS' NUTRITIONAL RESPONSES TO YOYO BITTERS' IN VITRO ANTI-OXIDANT CAPACITY
ABSTRACT
In order to investigate invitro antioxidant capacity of yoyo bitters and its nutritional effect on the weight of male albino wistar rats. Sixteen(16) rats weighing (163 ± 2.00g) were randomly picked into two equal group; (Group A and B). The rats were acclimatized for 7days, after which 1ml 0f yoyo bitters were administered once daily to group A respectively for the period of 28days while group B were received distilled water which serve as control. The feed was weighed throughout the period of the experiment. Each group were given 300g of mash grower feed daily and animals were also weighed weekly. At the end of 4week, a significant increase was observed in the weight of the test rat (208.08 ± 9.37g) compared to control (192.69 ± 10.20g). The relative weight of the following organ: Liver, Kidney, Heart, Lungs, Spleen, Testes and Pancreas were observed and its was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The total antioxidant capacity was compare using T test, the value of the test and control are statistically significant (P < 0.05), Hydroxyl free radical n al activity (P < 0.05) and DPPH scavenging activity (P < 0.05).
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Herbal Bitters
Herbal medicine is “the knowledge, skills and practice based on theories, beliefs and experiences indigenous to different cultures, used in maintenance of health and in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness” (W.H.O 2005). There are different systems of herbal medicine and the philosophy and practices of each are influenced by the prevailing conditions, environment, and geographic area within which it first evolved (W.H.O 2005), however, a common philosophy is a holistic approach to life, equilibrium of the mind, body and the environment and an emphasis on health rather than on diseases. Generally, the focus is on the overall condition of the individual rather than the particular ailment or disease from which the patient is suffering and the use of herbs is a core part of all system of traditional medicine. (Ergebreten 2002; Conboy et al., 2007; Rishon 2008, Schmidt et al., 2008).
Over the past 100, the development and mass production of chemical synthesized drugs have revolutionized healthcare in most part of the world. However, large section of the population in developing countries still rely on traditional practitioners and herbal medicine for primary care. In Africa, up to 90% and in India, 70% of their population depend on herbal medicine to help meet their healthcare needs. In China, herbal medicine account for around 40% of all healthcares delivered and more than 90% of general hospitals in China have unit for herbal medicine (W.H.O 2005). However, use of herbal medicine is not limited to developing countries, and during the past two decade public interest in natural therapies has increased greatly in industrialized countries, with expanding use of ethnobonicals. in the united state, in 2007, about 38% of adult and 12% of children were using some form of herbal medicine (Ernst, Schmint and Wider; Barnes, Bloom, and Nahim).
The most common reasons for using herbal medicine are that, it is more affordable; more closely corresponds to patients idealogy, allays concerns about the adverse effects of chemical (synthetic) medicine, satisfies a desire for more personalized healthcare, and allows greater public access to health information. The major use of herbal medicine is for health promotion and therapy for chronic ailment, as opposed to life threatening conditions. However, the usage of herbal remedies, increases when conventional medicine is ineffective in the treatment of diseases, such as in advance cancer and in the face of new infectious diseases. Furthermore, herbal medicines are widely perceived as natural and safe, that is not toxic. This is not necessarily true, especially when herbs are taken with prescription drugs, over-the-counter medications, or other herbs, as is very common (Canter and Ernst 2004; Qato et al, 2008; Loya, Gonzalez-Stuart, and Rivera 2009; Cohen and Ernst 2010)
Herbs and plants can be processed and can be taken in different ways and forms and they includes the whole herbs, teas, syrup, essential oils, ointments, salves, rubs, capsules, bitters and tablets that that contain a ground or powdered form of a raw herb or its dried extract.Plants and shrubs extract vary in the solvent used for extraction, temperature and extraction time and include alcoholic extract (tinctures), vinegars (acetic acids extracts), hot water extract (tisanes), long term boiled extract,usually roots or bark (decoction), and cold infusion of plants (macerates). There is no standardization and components of an herbal extract or a product are likely to vary significantly between batches and producers. Plants are rich in a variety of compounds. Many are secondary metabolites and include aromatic substances, most of which are phenol or their oxygen substitution derivatives such as tannis. (Hartmann 2007; Janke-KODAMA, Muller and Dittmann 2008). Many of these compound have anti oxidant properties.
1.2 Introduction of Yoyo Bitters As Herbal Plants
Yoyo bitters is a plant based medicine in the class of herbal bitters that was launched into the market in 2003 by Abllat company Nigeria Limited. Abllat Nigeria limited is an indigenous manufacturer nature green medicine. After it was introduced into Nigeria drug market. Yoyo bitters tonic has received wide acceptance and usage by general populace. The ingredients used for production of yoyo bitters as published by the manufacturers are: Acinos avenis, Chenopodium murale, Citrus aurantifolia and Cinamomum aromaticum. Each of these components has several medicinal properties.
1.3 Component of Yoyo Bitters
Acinos Avensis:
It serves as antiseptic stimulant tonic. It is also used for shortness of breath ,improving digestion, treating bruises, toothaches, sciatica and neuralgia.
Chenopodium Murale:
It is commonly known as nettle leaf goosefoot and is an important annual weed. It is distributed throughout the temperate and tropical regions and found in Pakistan in almost every field in winter season.
Citrus Auantifolia:
Citrus species are among the native plants of Iran and the history of their cultivation dates back to 4000years ago from which time, they have been widely used in the ethno medicine. These species with the wide range of bioactive ingredients have been found to exert anti-infection and anti- inflammatory properties. Citrus fruits have also been found beneficial for cancer prevention in an epidemiological survey. These fruits contain several classes of phytochemicals and micronutrients such as limonoids and flavonoids, which have been reported to have anti-tumor effects in vivo and vitro.
Cinamomum Aromaticum:
Aqueous cinnamon extract from bark of cinnamomum cassia (cinamomum aromaticum) cause apoptosis in human cervical cancer cell line through loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Yoyo bitters is formulated in such a way that the ingredients have a synergetic effect on the management of the digestive circulatory, nervous, urinary and systems by decreasing the stomach acidicity in case of ulcer, diminishing the irregular production of gastric juice stimulating the liver to ensure proper and complete digestion of heavy and fatty food, enhancing blood circulation, assists in the elimination of cholesterol, sugar triglycerides, creatine and ulric acid, enhances effective function of the secretive glands and is beneficial in the treatment of disorders such as insomnia, stress, depression, kidney stone and bladder infections.
It is also reported to dissolve any encased toxic materials in the body, enhance cell formation and growth, reduce excess body fat and boost healthy weight loss(Allbat company Nigeria Limited, 2009) “Yoyo bitters leaflet”
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
Procedure for Downloading the PDF (Docx) Material
Evaluation of Male Albino Wistar Rats’ Nutritional Responses to Yoyo Bitters’ in Vitro Anti-Oxidant Capacity can be downloaded by requesting the full set of materials at the project or seminar cost. The document will be sent via Microsoft Word (MS-Word) format via WhatsApp (e-mail) following payment confirmation.
| Seminar Material Cost ₦3,000 | Project Material Cost ₦5,000 |
Request Complete Material
 | Click here to request the Complete Material via WhatsApp including;
|
TABLE OF CONTENTSPRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.0 Introduction
- ⋮
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- ⋮
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
- 3.1 Introduction
- ⋮
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Results
- ⋮
- 4.3 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
REFERENCES
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Evaluation of Male Albino Wistar Rats' Nutritional Responses to Yoyo Bitters' in Vitro Anti-Oxidant Capacity" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
PRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.0 Introduction
- ⋮
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- ⋮
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
- 3.1 Introduction
- ⋮
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Results
- ⋮
- 4.3 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
REFERENCES
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Evaluation of Male Albino Wistar Rats' Nutritional Responses to Yoyo Bitters' in Vitro Anti-Oxidant Capacity" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Can the material for “Politics of Local Government and State Creation” be used as a guide for Political Science Project?
Yes it can be used — Agitations for state creation are almost as old as the Nigerian nation. The more states that are created, the more the problem they are intended to solve persists. Just as the exercises enfeeble the constituent units vis-à-vis the federal government so do they detach the units one from the other. The state creation exercises have heightened the indigene-non-indigene phenomenon (statism) which is antithetical to a sense of common nationhood. The federal character principle which is intended to moderate competitions among states over national cake has exacerbated ethnic rivalries and the indigene-settler syndrome in most of the states. The principle should be replicated in the states to accommodate Nigerians there rather than being discriminated against on the basis of their states …
Can the material for “Assessing the Role of Insurance Companies in the Economy of Insurance Industry” be used as a guide for Insurance Project?
Yes it can be used — The study was carried out to determine the role of insurance companies on the Economy of Cameroon using the Cameroon insurance industry as case study. This purpose of the study is to know whether or not there exist a role played by insurance companies on Cameroon Economy. We had to split our main objective into two in order to analyze the role of both life and non-life insurance companies on the economy of Cameroon. This is done using secondary sources of data on the GDP of Cameroon and other indicators of insurance companies such as the total insurance coverage, adequacy of social insurance, insurance and financial services. After the analysis, the main results showed that insurance companies play a role on …
Can the material for “Product Planning and Productivity in Nigeria” be used as a guide for Business Administration and Management (BAM) Project?
Yes it can be used — Product planning is the process of determining that line of products which can secure maximum net realization from the intended market. In my research, which dwells on the above as regards “product planning and productivity. And my using Afprint Nigeria Plc, as case study, I am expected to show how the above definition and other quotable definition from various academics regarding product planning has helped Industries. For example, Afprint Nigeria Plc. to attain its desired goals regarding productivity. Also, the results involving refusal to plan. Under this project, I will show, analyse and conclude using questionnaire. This is to show how important product planning and productivity affects the products of the Afprint Nigeria Plc., in their continual strives against competitors. …
Can this topic “Design and Fabrication of Self Folding Dining Table” be used for Mechatronics Engineering Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — The self-folding and unfolding dining table makes use of dual motor drive along with IR Sensors and dual motor folding and unfolding mechanism to achieve this operation. The aim of the study is to Design and Fabricate of a Self Folding Dining Table. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to design new concept of the folding dining table, fabricate dining folding table, and demonstrate a series of different kinds of foldable dining table furniture for different environments, spaces, and usage. The design process enabled us to follow a systematic approach to design. The most important step of the design process is identifying the customer need. As we know, there already had so much table on …
Can the material for “The impact of heavy metals content and waste material obtained during biogas generation for sustainable energy and agriculture application” be used as a guide for Chemistry Project?
Yes it can be used — Biogas is the mixture of gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen (anaerobically), primarily consisting of methane and carbon dioxide. Biogas can be produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green waste or food waste. The wastes from agriculture are minimally used. Among the crops grown in Nigeria is the banana and produces about one million tonnes of bananas yearly, mostly for local consumption, of which the banana herb produces the fruits once in a lifetime, thus the stem becomes waste afterward. The motivation that led to the execution of the research work is that the lab scientist, doctor and agricultural engineer; lack proper estimation of heavy …
Can this topic “Competence-Based Approach to Competitive Advantage in the Banking Industry” be used for Banking and Finance (BF) Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — This study examines empirically competence-based approach advantage in the banking industry in Nigeria. It determines the role of skills, attitude and knowledge in achieving competitive advantage in the banking industry in Nigeria. The descriptive method of research was employed to carry out this study. The primary source of data collection used to gather information. It was found that skill, attitude and knowledge played significant roles in achieving competitive advantage in Nigerian banking industry. And finally, it was recommended that customer service and turnaround time should be greatly improved to make banking easy, quick and convenient, modern queue management systems should also be employed to render excellent services to customers and the bank needs to train staff, particularly those at the …
Is the topic “Cushioning the Effect of Cultism in Nigeria Tertiary Institution” recommended for Sociology Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — The issue of cultism in our higher institutions of learning is such that has reached an alarming rate inspite of the concerted effort being mobilized against it by the government, institutions authorities, parent and students themselves. Therefore, this research work examine the perception of students, lecturers and the society towards this menace. It goes a long way to assess how students view or consider the menace in a diversified and interogenious society like the institution of higher learning. The research uses discussion format as the instrument of the fact finding. However the facts gathered reveals that our institutions authorities and the students themselves have a positive altitude towards National building, else the menace may remain a barrier to the attainment of same. …
Can the material for “The Impact of Transportation on the Nigerian Economy (1985 - 2015)” be used as a guide for Economics Project?
Yes it can be used — What if the transportation section, stagnant, almost every section of any given economy will not perform well as expected. Te importance of transportation in developing or advanced economics cannot be over emphasized. Transport is one of the main sector that remains as the cornerstone of every nation for achieving growth and development as well as gaining political and economic independence. The study shows the relationship between transportation and economic development and also the level of the manufacturing output contributed in the economy due to transportation. The research employed regression analysis using OLS in verifying the relationship that exist in computing transportation, manufacturing output and inflation. …
Is the topic “The Effect of Entrepreneurial Education as a Tool for Reducing Unemployment in Nigeria” recommended for Business Administration and Management (BAM) Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — The study examined the effect of entrepreneurial education as a tool for reducing unemployment in Nigeria, a study of department of business administration and marketing of selected private universities in Ogun state. The study employed the survey design and the purposive sampling technique to select 450 students across all level. A well-constructed questionnaire, which was adjudged valid and reliable, was used for collection of data from the respondents. The data obtained through the administration of the questionnaires was analyzed using the Pearson correlation analysis. The results showed that there is positive and significant relationship between entrepreneurial curriculum and reduction of unemployment in Nigeria (r=0.772; p<0.05); a positive and significant relationship exists between Pedagogical approach and reduction of unemployment in Nigeria …
Can the material for “The Effect of Employees Participation in Decision Making on Organisation Performance” be used as a guide for Industrial Relations and Personnel Management (IRPM) Project?
Yes it can be used — This research tends to examine the effect of employees participation in decision making on organization performance with reference to Nigeria Bag Manufacturing Plc. Survey research design was employed and simple random sampling technique was used in collecting data. With the use of well structured questionnaire, data was gathered from one hundred staff of Nigeria Bag Manufacturing Plc. The data collected was analysed and presented on table in percentile. Two hypotheses were formulated and tested with the use of Chi-square test analysis. The analysis resulted into reject both null hypotheses and accepting the alternate hypotheses, thereby concluding that there is significance correlation between employee’s participation in decision making and organization performance and that significance relationship exists between employees working experience and level of …