EFFECTS OF ETHANOL, METHANOL AND N-HEXANE LEAF AND FRUIT EXTRACTS OF KIGELIA AFRICANA ON SOME OXIDATIVE AND BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS
ABSTRACT
Globally, the estimated incidence of diabetes and projection for the year 2030 as given by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) is 350 million. Kigelia africana is highly used for ethno medicinal purposes although there is paucity of scientific information on its use. This work was therefore, aimed at evaluating the anti-diabetic and antioxidative potential of the plant. Ethanol, methanol and n- hexane extracts of the leaves of Kigelia Africana were used for the study. Alloxan diabetes was induced in a total of 60 adult male albino rats weighing between 90 and 160 g. The alloxan was dissolved in cold normal saline. After 72 hr, diabetes was confirmed and the rats were divided into twelve (12) groups of five (5) rats each.
Group 1 served as the normal control, group 2 was the diabetic untreated, group 3 received 2.5 mg /kg b.wt of glibenclamide, groups 4, 6 and 8 received ethanol, methanol and n-hexane leaves extract while group 5, 7 and 9 received ethanol, methanol and n-hexane fruit extract respectively of 500 mg/kg b.wt of the extracts. Groups 10-12 were administered equal combination of the leaves and fruits extracts. The rats were fed orally for 21 days after which some biochemical and oxidative parameters were statistically analysed. Phytochemical screening for different bioactive compounds was done using standard methods and indicated the presence of flavoniods, alkaloids, saponins, soluble carbohydrates, tannin, steroids, glycosides and reducing sugars. Proximate analysis revealed the presence of proteins (13.9%), carbohydrates (63.5%), fats and oil (11.4%) and crude fibre (2.2%). LD50 showed that the extracts were safe.
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder resulting from a defect in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. Insulin deficiency in turn leads to chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism (Kumar et al., 2011).
During diabetes, failure of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by fat and muscle cause glucose concentration in the blood to remain high, consequently glucose uptake by insulin-independent tissue increases. Increased glucose flux both enhances oxidant production and impairs antioxidant defenses by multiple interacting non-enzymatic, enzymatic and mitochondrial pathways (Klotz 2002; Mehta et al., 2006). These include activation of protein kinase C isoforms (Inoguchi et al., 2000), increased hexosamine pathway (Kaneto et al., 2001), glucose autoxidation (Brownlee, 2001), increased methylglyoxal and advanced glycation end-product (AGEs) formation (Thornalley, 1998) as well as increased polyol pathway flux ( Lee and Chung, 1999)
. These seemingly different mechanisms are the results of a single process-that is, overproduction of superoxide by the mitochondrial electron transport system (Tushuizen et al., 2005). This hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress ultimately results in modification of intracellular proteins resulting in an altered function and DNA damage, activation of the cellular transcription (NFK B), causing abnormal changes in gene expression, decreased production of nitric oxide, and increased expression of cytokines, growth factors and pro-coagulant and pro-inflammatory molecules (Palmer et al., 1988; Evans et al., 2002; Klotz, 2002; Taniyama and Griendling, 2003). Oxidative stress is responsible for molecular and cellular tissue damage in a wide spectrum of human diseases (Halliwell, 1994), amongst which is diabetes mellitus. Diabetes produces disturbances of lipid profiles, especially an increased susceptibility to lipid peroxidation (Lyons, 1991), which is responsible for increased incidence of atherosclerosis (Guigliano et al.,1996), a major complication of diabetes mellitus . An enhanced oxidative stress has been observed in these patients as indicated by increased free radical production, lipid peroxidation and diminished antioxidant status (Baynes, 1991).
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
Procedure for Downloading the PDF (Docx) Material
Effects of Ethanol, Methanol and N-Hexane Leaf and Fruit Extracts of Kigelia Africana on Some Oxidative and Biochemical Parameters in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats can be downloaded by requesting the full set of materials at the project or seminar cost. The document will be sent via Microsoft Word (MS-Word) format via WhatsApp (e-mail) following payment confirmation.
| Seminar Material Cost ₦3,000 | Project Material Cost ₦5,000 |
Request Complete Material
 | Click here to request the Complete Material via WhatsApp including;
|
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Effects of Ethanol, Methanol and N-Hexane Leaf and Fruit Extracts of Kigelia Africana on Some Oxidative and Biochemical Parameters in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Is the topic “Sanitary Practices and Implications on Students Health” recommended for Environmental Science Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — The study was carried out to find out the implications of sanitation practices on students health in Ugbowo, Benin City. Primary data were sourced through survey method of questionnaire. Spot observation of facilities and staff handlers supported the survey. The data sample size of 250 respondents drawn through random sampling technique was adopted. in this order: 12% were administered to staff at the Health Centre, 20% to staff of Works and Service Units, and 16% to staff in other Departments. The remaining 52% were administered to Students. The data were analyzed using simple descriptive statistical tables and percentages. The secondary data for this work were obtained from Health Centers’ documents, literature reviews of related works and text books .The findings …
Can the material for “Economic Analysis of Food Safety Among Pork Marketers” be used as a guide for Agricultural Economics and Extension Project?
Yes it can be used — The purpose of this study was to examine the economic analysis of food safety among pork marketers in Ebonyi State. Primary data were collected from 80 poultry farmers selected through multi-stage random sampling technique using structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, farm budgetary technique, benefit cost analysis and ordinary least square regression analysis was used to analyze the data and determine the economic cost of food safety and production of pork meat. Three important findings emerged; first, pork marketing in Ebonyi state is dominated by highly educated youths, a positive sign for food safety and future pork meat activities. Second, pork production is highly profitable in Ebonyi state; however, food safety contributed the highest economic cost in the area of study. Thirdly, …
Can the material for “Design and Implementation of a Computerized Drug Procurement and Distribution Tracking System” be used as a guide for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it can be used — Drug procurement and distribution tracking system is a set of computer programs that obtains the supplies of drugs, distribute the drugs and monitors the inventory control of the drugs. The aim of the study is to design and implement a drug procurement and distribution tracking system using pharmacy department of the Enugu State University Teaching Hospital (ESUTH) as a case study. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows to develop an application software that will provide information about the quantity of drugs remaining and ensure ordering of drugs without mistake of procuring more than required. The motivation that led to the implementation of the proposed system is as a result of the manual recording …
Can this topic “An Assessment of Poverty Reduction Programme” be used for Public Administration (PA) Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — The study assesses poverty reduction programme in Enugu State Local Government system from 2004-2009. The study examined issues of poverty problems of poverty alleviation which include frequent policy changes, severe budgetary allocation, fraudulent activities and mismanagement revealed that poverty reduction initiators in Nigeria had been a failure since 2004 till date and there is no positive impact on the lives of the people who are living beyond poverty level. The findings revealed that political party interest, embezzlement of public funds, poor funding and change of government are the major factors militating against poverty in rural areas of Enugu State. The poverty alleviation programmes from government that suppose to transform the lives of people in the rural areas are urban-biased. The …
Can the material for “The Effect of Class Size on Academic Achievement of Junior Secondary School Students” be used as a guide for Education Project?
Yes it can be used — The study looked at the class size as it relates to academic performance of student in Abeokuta South Local Government Area of Ogun state. The population of the study were all students in Junior Secondary School in Abeokuta South Local Government Area of Ogun state. 100 respondents were used for the study through Radom Sampling Techniques. The data collected were analysed using simple percentage. The findings of this study shows that the effect of class size on academic achievement of Junior Secondary School student has tremendous positive effects on academic achievement. It was recommended that policy makers and government should ensure that more classrooms are built and number of students in a class should not be more than 30. The Parent …
Is the topic “Problems and Prospects of Consumer Co-operative Society” recommended for Cooperative Economics and Management (CEM) Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — The study identifies the Problems and Prospects of Consumer Co-operative Society using Idemili North LGA, of Anambra State as a case study. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to identify the minor and major problems of consumer cooperative in Idemili North L.G.A perhaps to assess the prospects of consumer cooperative and how their operations can be modernized to the recent standards and examine what the consumer cooperative has to specify on their system of operative and activities so as to achieve maximum effectiveness. The research design used in this report is descriptive design, utilizing questionnaire method to obtain information from the respondents for this project. A total of 180 (one hundred and eighty) respondents were …
Can the material for “The Design and Construction of Wood Lathe Machine” be used as a guide for Mechatronics Engineering Project?
Yes it can be used — Lathe machine is one of the most versatile and widely used machine tool all over the world. It is commonly known as Mother of all Machines. The study was conducted to Design and Construct Wood Lathe Machine. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to design a machine that will be viable, reliable, and easy to carry out maintenance services at minimized cost and construct a machine that will provide a simple way of scarping and cutting off wood at its best quantity at a minimum cost of labour, so that the financial burden of people can be reduced. Investigation revealed that the continuous quest to have the problems of man and his growing needs solved …
Can the material for “Effect of Jaundice in Babies in Mother and Child Health Hospital” be used as a guide for Public Health Project?
Yes it can be used — The study investigates the Effect of Jaundice in Babies in Mother and Child Health Hospital. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to assess the factors influencing the Jaundice in Babies in Mother and Child Health Hospital, determine the socio-economic impact of Jaundice in Babies in Mother and Child Health Hospital and assess the level of knowledge about Jaundice in babies among mothers in Enugu State. Jaundice is usually noticed during the first 3–5 days of life and may lead to kernicterus or even death. On the other hand, mothers and their newborns are commonly discharged within 48 hours after vaginal delivery or 96 hours after cesarean delivery as a result of cost containment policies implemented …
Can the material for “A Philosophical Look Into Religion and Freewill in the Light of James William” be used as a guide for Philosophy Project?
Yes it can be used — William James was a New York born pragmatic philosopher. He started from physiology to psychology and finally to philosophy. This word pragmatism has a rich evolution; Pierce derived the word from Kant’s usage of German word “pragmatisch”. He then applied it to an empirical condition which was founded by three American philosophers Charles Sanders Pierce, William James and John Dewey. Pragmatism concerns itself with purposeful action and the interplay of theory and practice. It stresses on what James called cash valueof beliefs. In all, pragmatism can be defined as: a philosophy that attempts to apply the methods of science to philosophy, its central idea is that the meaning and truth of an idea are determined by the idea’s effect in …
Can the material for “Development and Implementation of Environmental Management System” be used as a guide for Management Project?
Yes it can be used — An Environment Management System (EMS) is a tool for managing the impacts of tertiary institutional activities on the environment. It provides a structured approach to planning and implementing environment protection measures. The study was carried out to design and implement an Environmental Management System using Universities in Nigeria as a case study. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows to ensure continual improvement through the life of a facility or facilities in the management system, develop an application software that will identify and control the environmental aspect, impacts and risks relevant to Universities in Nigeria. The motivation that led to the implementation of the proposed system is that the increasing population has led to …