DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS EXPERT SYSTEM

ABSTRACT

Expert system play an indomitable role in various disciplines and the assistance it renders to man cannot be overemphasized. A computer is digital electronic machine capable of accepting input data, processing and producing an output (information). The computer is an important tool that plays a good role in the analysis of any subject that is to be programmed. The uses of expert system on medical diagnosis of malaria include the interest of the research because of some spectacular activities it accomplished and to bring the awareness of the software to the doorstep of the readers and other medical and paramedical personnel's. The software helps the junior doctors accompanied by a nurse in answering the calls of some patients with tedious problems. This also helps the doctors generating some wise questions from a patient, based on the problems confronting him in order to get rid of some outstanding irregularities. It reviewed the old system, the reasons why a new idea muffed. The operations of the new method were also explained and clearly stated. The methodology adopted in this study is the structure system analysis and design methodology and the programming language used is HTML, CSS, JAVASCRIPT, PHP, SQL and JQUERY. The reason why web programming languages was used is because, it is platform independent and it is a web based application. This system when completed and implemented it will help provide enough information about malaria diagnosis. This project will be beneficial to individuals such as doctors, pharmacist and drug prescribers by providing accurate and complete information about each drug or medicine best suit for malaria treatment.

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

A computer is digital electronic machine capable of accepting input data, processing and producing an output (information). The computer is an important tool that plays a good role in the analysis of any subject that is to be programmed. Before a computer can be successfully programmed and utilized, it must be studied properly. Hence, “computer Science” which is the study of computer and its programming is mainly about the design and analysis, modeling and application of computer related system.

As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.

1.2 Background of study

Expert system play an indomitable role in various disciplines and the assistance it renders to man cannot be overemphasized. The development of experts system that capture skills and expertise of a human expert has not been easy and date back to the Second World War, where experts of computer tried relentlessly to develop technique or systems that would allow act more intelligently than human. But recently, experts system have proven their value by aiding for example, medical professionals in diagnosing diseases and scheduling task as well mechanics in trouble shooting locomotive problems and configuring complex computer hardware.

The uses of expert system on medical diagnosis of malaria include the interest of the research because of some spectacular activities it accomplished and to bring the awareness of the software to the doorstep of the readers and other medical and paramedical personnel's.

The software helps the junior doctors accompanied by a nurse in answering the calls of some patients with tedious problems. This also helps the doctors generating some wise questions from a patient, based on the problems confronting him in order to get rid of some outstanding irregularities. Some potentialities built-in which serve as a watch dog patients on the sick beds. It helps in alerting a medical practitioner on call of imminent dangers against a patient and alleviates nurses the task of engaging themselves routine visits.

1.3 Statement of Problems

Investigation by this study reveals the following challenges:

File and record about patients are not properly kept.
Drugs prescription is hardly ever done with the right age of the patient in mind.
Error are easily made and hardly detected.
Information is not well maintained.

1.4 Aim and Objective of study

The aim of this study is to design system that will provide adequate information about malaria diagnosis. In achieving this aim, a system will accomplish the following objectives;

To help in the fight against of malaria mostly in Africa and in the world at large.
To appraise the contributions of an expert system in medicine.
To inform the medical practitioner that they can enjoy prolific alliance with computer systems.
A Flexible and relatively easily maintained systems.

An improvement to quality by providing a consistent source of reliable expert guidance.

1.5 Significance of the study

The significance of expert systems in the diagnosis of malaria are too numerous to mention but a few has been listed out below;

It takes a long time to train medical experts to know the symptoms of malaria and be able to give out the right drugs but with the proposed new system, only what is needed is the skills of operating the new system which requires entering patients information and their symptoms into the system and in turn the system brings out the type of malaria and the drugs to combat it.
Consistent solution: Computers do not suffer some of the weaknesses of humans, such as getting tired or ill and they are more easily access than human experts. More time to evaluate decision result: Advice is obtained from the experts system quickly, leaving more time to weigh the possible result before action is taken.
Human expert development is a continuous exercise but an expert system is built only once and updated continuously with new technologies.

1.6 Scope of the study

This research work will concentrate on malaria diagnosis system using Ferdicon Medical Diagnostic Laboratories Nig LTD as a case study. The proposed system developed will simulate expert reasoning, taking into consideration the clinical sign and test result. It generates accurate treatment, advice addressing and prescriptions to possible drugs that should be given to the patient.

1.7 Limitations of the Study

During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:

Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
Establishment Policies: Establishment policies posed a serious limitation as most staffs are not ready to release information needed for this project work. There were lots of information needed from the staffs of this institution to enhance the study which took them time to release or they did not release at all for security purposes, hence the scope was reduced.

1.8 Definition of terms

Symptoms: Is the sign given when a particular thing want to happen

Vaccines: Are things you do to keep something away or to prevent a disease.

Diagnosis: The act or process of identifying or determining the nature and cause of a disease injury through evaluation, examination review of a patient laboratory data

Virus: Is a small infectious agent that replicated only inside the living cells of other organisms.

Primate: Is any mammal of the group that includes the lemurs, lories, tarsiers, monkeys, apes and humans

Drug: A drug is any substance (with the exception of food and water) which, when taken into the body, alters the body's function either physically and/or psychologically. Drugs may be legal (e.g. alcohol, caffeine and tobacco) or illegal (e.g. cannabis, ecstasy, cocaine and heroin).

Medication: A medication is a substance that is taken into or placed on the body that does one of the following things: most medications are used to cure disease or condition. (For example, antibiotics are given to cure an infection. Medications are also given to treat a medical condition).

Prescription: A prescription is a health-care program implemented by a physician or other qualified health care practitioner in the form of instructions that govern the plan of care for an individual patient.

Symptom: A symptom is a departure from normal function or feeling which is apparent to a patient, reflecting the presence of an unusual state or of a disease. (For example: tiredness, cough or fever).

Administration: An administration is the act of giving a drug to somebody or a patient.

Information: It is used to tell someone that they are wrong about something.

Therapeutics: The branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of disease.

Dosage: This is an amount of drug taken regularly over a particular period of time.

…

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …

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Preliminary Pages,
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References and Appendix.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRELIMINARY PAGES

Title page
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background of the study
1.3 Statement of the problem
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
1.5 Scope of the study
1.6 Significance of the study
1.7 Limitation of the study
1.8 Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Expert Systems
2.2.1 History of Expert Systems
2.2.2 Advantages of Expert Systems
2.2.3 Disadvantages of Expert Systems
2.3 Drug Interaction
2.3.1 Drug Interaction Prevention
2.4 Drug Adverse Effect
2.5 Clinical Trials
2.6 Phases of Clinical Trials
2.7 Computer in Medicine
2.8 Applications of Experts System in Diagnosing Of Disease
2.8.1 Malaria Diagnostic Tests
2.8.1.1 Technique of Malaria Diagnostic Tests
2.8.1.2 Advantages of Malaria Diagnostic Tests
2.8.1.3 Disadvantages of Malaria Diagnostic Tests
2.8.2 Malaria - Diagnosis and Treatment
CHAPTER THREE
SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
3.1 Introduction
3.2 System Analysis
3.2.1 Detail definition of the problem
3.3 Feasibility Study
3.3.1 Economic Feasibility
3.3.2 Technical Feasibility
3.3.3 Operational Study
3.4 Method of data collection
3.4.1 Observation
3.4.2 Review of case study procedure manual
3.5 Problems of existing system
3.6 Program Structure
3.6.1 Context / Dataflow Diagram
3.6.2 System Flowchart
3.6.3 Program Flowchart
3.7 Systems Design
3.7.1 Input specification
3.7.2 Output specification
3.7.3 Database Design Specification
3.7.4 Security Design Specification
3.7.5 System Architecture
CHAPTER FOUR
SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Justification of programming language
4.3 System requirement
4.3.1 Software requirement
4.3.2 Hardware requirement
4.3.3 People
4.4 System Testing
4.5 Implementation Details
4.5.1 Coding
4.5.2 End User Training and Manual
4.5.3 File Conversion
4.5.4 Changeover Procedure
4.5.5 Commissioning
4.5.6 File Maintenance Module
4.6 Result
4.4.5 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendation
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A: (PROGRAM SOURCE CODE)
APPENDIX B: (OBJECT PROGRAM)

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