DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF COMPUTERIZED BUDGET ANALYSIS SYSTEM

ABSTRACT

A budget is an estimate or plan of income and expenditure that helps most companies, country and Organizations in taking care of projects mapped out annual. The aim of the study is to design and implement a Computerized Budget Analysis System. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows to develop an application software that will consider the method adopted by the ministry of finance on budgeting and determine the problems usually faced by the organization in managing their finances. The motivation that led to the implementation of the proposed system is as a result of inefficient and insufficient records which results to a poor and inaccurate budget.

The methodology adopted in this study is the object oriented analysis and design methodology (OOADM) which is a technical approach for analyzing and designing an application or system by applying object throughout the software development process. The programming language used is HTML, CSS, JAVASCRIPT, PHP, SQL and JQUERY. The reason why web programming languages was used is because, it is platform independent and it is a web based application. The proposed budget analysis system is very important with our everyday life as it is also very important for us as humans to have daily budgets which guide our spending so also it is important at the end of the day to give an account of such spending which is in order ward an analysis of our expenditure. The expected result is a Computerized Budget Analysis System that will analyze budget by checking the system between specific dates and determine their approaches to budgets analysis between specific dates.

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

A budget is an estimate or plan of income and expenditure that helps most companies, country and Organizations in taking care of projects mapped out annual. For this reason it is of importance that there should be a reliable system of budget analysis. A good budget analysis is a process of breaking the whole budget into separate units or parts with the sole aim of identifying and studying the structure of each part of the budgets, so that the budget would be error free, and in case of error provide possible solutions to them. The process of preparing the budget forces the executive to become better administrator. It puts planning in the first key and budgeting primary attention directing because it helps managers to focus in the operating problem early enough. For effective planning or action, budgeting is usually been as an integral of various plans and providing feedback for the actual result.

As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.

1.2 Background of Study

Many years back, individuals, government and even companies have tried to regulate income and expenditure, but this was not as possible as expected due to certain problem and constraints. Better suggestions result to these approaches since most of the available resources at that time were not judiciously used. As a result of one problem or the other such as: Non-actualization of some basic needs of the masses, increase in population of the country. Notwithstanding, the careful planning and execution of budgets in Nigeria, the targets are hardly met while most budgets end up in difficult.

Budgeting is the accepted basis for profit, planning and financial control. It has been practice effectively and profitably by many progressive companies who generally regard it not simply as a procedure but as one of the more important of process of management. Budgeting is one of the management tools that force manager to perform according to a given level of expectation. It has become a normal thing for us as citizens of a country like Nigeria to wait for, the president to release the yearly national budgets, but very little of us even know what the budget actually means.

A look at a brief history of the how comes of budget. In January 1993 the African concord newspaper stated the budgets started in Britain when then king asked for reports on the income and expenditure of the country in order to check fraudulent activities of their government, this was as a result of the country’s growing population inability of those in charge to specify a given project at a given place and time, uncompleted project which were paid for and complaints laid by citizens of Britain were all the things that brought about the need for budgets.

In other-word a budget helps managers manage and it can be said that having a budget has more advantages then it has any disadvantages. However the fact remains that notwithstanding the careful planning and execution of an organization’s budgets in Nigeria, the targets are still hardly met by any one organization while most budget even end up not being implemented at all. This work therefore, attempts to take a look at the methods adopted for budgets analysis or would be likely adopted for budgets analysis in an. Organization like the Enugu state ministry of finance.

1.3 Statement of Problem

Investigation revealed that it is easy to note that budget analysis entails large volume of work and a whole lot of calculation. This makes the job very difficult a task to go by the method of information storage and retrieval processing of accumulated figures is not an easy task in places where there is no sophisticated method of budget analysis.

Inefficient and insufficient records will always result to a poor and inaccurate budget. The fact that humans cant tackle the ambiguous calculations and complex allocation involved in budget analysis easily without the help from computer this is also a delay factor for the releasing of an accurate budget statement.

1.4 Aim and Objectives of the Study

The aim of the study is to design and implement a Computerized Budget Analysis System. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows to develop an application software that will:

Consider the method adopted by the ministry of finance on budgeting;
Check and determine their approaches to budgets analysis between specific dates;
Determine the problems usually faced by the organization in managing their finances;
Take care of the above problems and set up a sample budget for future use; and
Make adequate finding and necessary recommendations after analyzing their budget by checking the system between specific dates.

1.5 Significance of Study

Budget analysis is very important with our everyday life as it is also very important for us as humans to have daily budgets which guide our spending so also it is important at the end of the day to give an account of such spending which is in order ward an analysis of our expenditure. This is an important move for every organization. For an organization to survive it must plan ahead the amount it will receive and how it will allocate the money to different departments of such an organization and how such money should be spent. This is budgeting and the analysis is just a step to make sure it works.

For government organization like the given case study, this work could serve as an eye opener to them by carefully exposing that problems inherent in budgets analysis and recommending the solution this would help them to avoid wasteful spending through budgets deficits. Hence this budget analysis should be of immense importance to government, institutions and even individuals.

This study will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.

1.6 Scope of Study

The scope of the research is focused on the Design and Implementation of Computerized Budget Analysis System.

1.7 Limitations of the Study

During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:

Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
Establishment Policies: Establishment policies posed a serious limitation as most staffs are not ready to release information needed for this project work. There were lots of information needed from the staffs of this institution to enhance the study which took them time to release or they did not release at all for security purposes, hence the scope was reduced.
Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet).

1.8 Definition of Terms

Budget: This is an estimate or plan of income and expenditure that are made annually by the government in charge of revenue.

Budget Analysis: This is the process of breaking the whole budgets into separate units or parts with the sole aim of identifying and studying the structure of each part of the budget so that we can detect errors, and possible solutions to such errors.

…

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …

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Preliminary Pages,
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRELIMINARY PAGES

Title page
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Background of Study

1.3 Statement of Problem

1.4 Aim and Objectives of the Study

1.5 Significance of Study

1.6 Scope of Study

1.7 Limitations of the Study

1.8 Definition of Terms

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Conceptual Review

2.3 Budgeting Techniques

2.4 The Roles of Budgeting

2.5 Problems of Budgetary Implementation

2.6 Theoretical Framework

2.6.1 Budget Control Implementation

2.6.2 Relevance of Budgetary Control

2.6.3 Purpose of Budgetary Control

2.6.4 Classes of Budget

2.7 Limitation of Budgetary Implementation Control

2.8 The Effect of Planning and Control

2.9 Review of Related Literature

CHAPTER THREE

SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

3.1 Methodology Adopted

3.1.1 Problem Identification Using SSADM

3.2 Analysis of the Existing System

3.2.1 Dataflow of the Existing System

3.2.2 Disadvantages of the Existing System

3.2.3 Weakness of the existing System

3.3 Feasibility Study

3.3.1 Economic Feasibility

3.3.2 Technical Feasibility

3.3.3 Operational Feasibility

3.4 Analysis of the Proposed System

3.4.1 Data Flow Diagram of the Proposed System

3.4.2 Advantages of the Proposed System

3.4.3 Justification of the Proposed System

3.5 Functional Requirements

3.5.1 Use Case Diagram of the Admin / User Privileges

3.6 Data Requirements

3.7 High Level Model of the Proposed System

CHAPTER FOUR

SYSTEM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 Objectives of the Design

4.2 Cohesion and Decomposition High level Model

4.3 Control Center / Overall Dataflow Diagram

4.3.1 Proposed System Operation Flowchart

4.4 System Specification and Design

4.4.1 Input and Output Specification

4.4.2 Database Specification and Design

4.4.3 Data Dictionary

4.5 Choice and Justification of Programming Language

4.6 Program Documentation

4.7 Implementation Techniques

4.8 Programming Module Specification

4.8.1 Installation

4.8.2 Security Design Specification

4.8.3 System Architecture

4.9 Computer Hardware Minimum Requirement

4.10 Software Requirement

4.11 Personnel / User Training

4.12 File Maintenance Module

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Summary

5.3 Conclusion

5.4 Recommendation

REFERENCES

APPENDIX A - “SOURCE CODE”

APPENDIX B - “OBJECT PROGRAM”

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